Novel Cannabinergic Compounds And Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compounds and compositions that modulate cannabinoid receptors, methods of modulating cannabinoid receptors, and methods of treating various disorders related to the modulation of cannabinoid receptors. This disclosure is directed to methods of treating cannabinoid dependence, neuropathy, inflammation, glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disorder, a motor function disorder, a gastrointestinal disorder, hypothermia, emesis, loss of appetite, or anorexia associated with AIDS.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

The invention was made with government support under Grant DA026795awarded by NIH/NIDA. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure is in the field of medicinal chemistry. Morespecifically, this disclosure relates to cannabinoid derivatives and theuse of such compounds in methods for treating cannabinoid dependence,pain, inflammation, neuropathy, neurodegenerative disease, anxietydisorder, motor function disorder, fertility disorder, gastrointestinaldisorder, appetite disorder, metabolic disorder, movement disorder, andcancer.

BACKGROUND

Presently, two G_(i/o) protein coupled cannabinoid receptors have beencharacterized in mammals and other organisms: CB1, a central receptorfound in the mammalian brain and a number of other sites in peripheraltissues; and CB2, a peripheral receptor found principally in cellsrelated to the immune system. Compounds known as cannabinergic ligandsbind to CB1 and/or CB2 receptors in a subject. In vitro methods forassaying the ability of a compound to bind to CB1 and/or CB2 receptorsare known and results from these assays correlate with, and predict, thein vivo ability of that compound to bind to, and thereby modulate, CB1and/or CB2 receptors.

Despite having a rapid onset of action, the magnitude and duration of invivo CB1 and/or CB2 receptor modulation by many cannabinergic ligandssuch as Dronabinol and Nabilone are unpredictable due to pharmacokineticliabilities and erratic pharmacodynamic profiles. For example,Dronabinol and Nabilone have high lipophilicity (clog P>7), leading tolarge volume of distribution (V_(d)), high levels of protein binding(≥97%) and unpredictable time course of action. Dronabinol exhibits slowand erratic absorption (up to 2-6 h) and is metabolized to yield activecannabinergic ligands (e.g., 11-OH-Δ⁹-THC), leading to unpredictable andlong half life. As a result, dose titration for such drugs iscomplicated. In addition, both Dronabinol and Nabilone producephysiological effects comparable to those of marijuana, and can confertolerance that may be associated with increased dependence liability. Aneed exists for compounds that modulate cannabinoid receptors withimproved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been discovered that certain chemical compounds can modulate thecannabinoid receptors. It has also been shown that drug molecules can bemodified so that they have controlled duration of action. Thesediscoveries have been exploited to develop the present application,which includes novel compounds and therapeutic compositions formodulating cannabinoid receptors, methods for modulating cannabinoidreceptors, methods for modulating the duration of action of thesecompositions, and methods for treating various disorders in a subject.

One aspect of the application is directed to cannabinoid derivativesaccording to formulae (I), (II), or (III):

-   wherein    can be a single bond or a double bond, provided that no more than    one double bond is present in C ring of Formula (I);-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,    -   X is —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —CHCH₂OR¹², —CHOCOR¹²,        CHCO₂R¹², or CHR¹²;-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,    -   X is —C(CH₃)—, —CCH₂OH, —COCOH, or —CCO₂R⁴-   R¹ and R² are independently H, —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, —OH, or —CH₂CO₂H,    wherein R¹ and R² are both not simultaneously OH, or R¹ and R²    together with the carbon to which they are attached form a    —(C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl or a —(C₃-C₆)-lactone;-   R³ is R⁴, —CH₂OH, —CO₂H, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, —OC(O)R⁴, —(C₁-C₃    alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, provided that    when R³ is R⁴, then either X is —C(O)O— or —OC(O)—, or R¹ and R²    together with the carbon to which they are attached form a    —(C₃-C₆)-lactone so that at least one ester group is present in    Formula (I);-   R⁴ is —(C₁-C₈)-alkyl-R⁵, —(C₁-C₈)-alkenyl-R⁵, or    —(C₁-C₈)-alkynyl-R⁵;-   R⁵ is H, halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —CN,    —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3    -triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS;-   R⁶ is H or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl;-   R⁷ and R⁸ are independently H, halogen, CN, —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, OH, or    —O—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl;-   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently H, halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂,    —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole,    1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS;-   R¹¹ is H, —(CH₂)_(p)-halogen, —(CH₂)_(p)—CN, —(CH₂)_(p)OH, or    —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in which p is 0, 1, or 2;-   R¹² is H or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl; and-   m is 0, 1, or 2;-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;-   with the proviso that    -   when X is —C(CH₃)—, R³ is CO₂H and R¹ is H or methyl, then R² is        not hydrogen; and    -   when X is —C(CH₂OH)—, R¹ and R² are —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, and R³ is        —C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl) C(O)OR⁴, —OC(O)R⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)        OC(O)R⁴, then R⁵ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments, the cannabinoid derivatives are compounds offormula (I). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid derivatives arecompounds of formula (II). In some embodiments, the cannabinoidderivatives are compounds of formula (III).

In some embodiments, the CB1 receptor, the CB2 receptor or bothreceptors are modulated. In some embodiments, the CB1 receptor ismodulated. In some embodiments, the CB2 receptor is modulated. In someembodiments, both receptors are modulated.

In still further embodiments, the compounds of formula (I), (II), or(III) are compounds listed in the below Examples.

In another aspect, the disclosure is directed to methods of treatingcannabinoid dependence, neuropathy, inflammation, glaucoma, aneurodegenerative disorder, a motor function disorder, agastrointestinal disorder, hypothermia, emesis, loss of appetite, oranorexia associated with AIDS in a subject comprising administration ofa compound of formula (I), (II) or (III). In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) isadministered. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound of formula (II) is administered. In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (III) isadministered.

A further aspect of the disclosure is directed to methods of treatingneuropathy in a subject. In these methods, a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of formula (I), (II) or (III) is administered tothe subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound of formula (I) is administered. In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II) isadministered. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound of formula (TIT) is administered. In some embodiments,administration of the compound treats neuropathy in the subject. In someembodiments, the neuropathy is inflammation, pain, neuropathic pain,neuropathic low back pain, complex regional pain syndrome, posttrigeminal neuralgia, causalgia, toxic neuropathy, reflex sympatheticdystrophy, diabetic neuropathy, chronic neuropathy caused bychemotherapeutic agents, central pain, peripheral pain, pellagricneuropathy, alcoholic neuropathy, Beriberi neuropathy, or burning feetsyndrome.

In yet other embodiments, the neuropathy is a neurodegenerativedisorder. In particular embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease ismultiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea,Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), memorydisorder, mood disorder, sleep disorder, gastrointestinal motilitydisorder, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, cardiovascular disease,hypertension, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, emesis, epilepsy, a mentaldisorder, schizophrenia, depression, glaucoma, cachexia, insomnia,traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, seizures, excitotoxinexposure, ischemia, or AIDS wasting syndrome.

An additional aspect of the application is directed to methods oftreating a motor function disorder in a subject. The methods compriseadministering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of formula (I), (II) or (III). The administration of thecompound treats the motor function disorder of the subject. In someembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(T) is administered. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of formula (II) is administered. In someembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(III) is administered. In some embodiments, the motor function disorderis Tourette's syndrome.

Another aspect of the application is directed to methods of treating ananxiety disorder in a subject. The methods comprise administering to thesubject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I),(II) or (III). The administration of the compound treats the anxietydisorder of the subject. In some embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of formula (I) is administered. In someembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(II) is administered. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of formula (III) is administered. In certainembodiments, the anxiety disorder is panic disorder, acute stressdisorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance-induced anxietydisorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia,or social phobia.

In yet another aspect, the disclosure is directed to methods of treatingan appetite disorder in a subject. The methods comprise administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(I), (II) or (III). The administration of the compound treats theappetite disorder, the metabolic disorder, or the movement disorder ofthe subject. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound of formula (I) is administered. In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II) isadministered. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound of formula (III) is administered.

In another aspect, the disclosure is directed to a methods of treating ametabolic disorder in a subject. The methods comprise administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(I), (II) or (III). The administration of the compound treats themetabolic disorder of the subject. In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) isadministered. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofa compound of formula (II) is administered. In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (III) isadministered.

In still another aspect, the disclosure is directed to methods oftreating a movement disorder in a subject. The methods compriseadministering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of formula (I), (II) or (III). The administration of thecompound treats the movement disorder of the subject. In someembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(I) is administered. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of formula (II) is administered. In someembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula(III) is administered.

Still other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparentto those of skill in the art from the disclosure herein, which is simplyillustrative and not restrictive. Thus, other embodiments will berecognized by the skilled artisan without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The following figures arc illustrative only and not intended to belimiting.

FIGS. 1A-1E show rat hypothermia test results for compounds 2.2, 3.6,and 3.9 (A); 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.33 (B); 1.14 and 1.16 (C); 1.20, 1.28,and 1.35 (D); and 1.1, 1.6, 1.10, and 1.25 (E).

FIG. 2 shows rat tail flick test results for compounds 2.2 and 3.9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This application relates to compounds that modulate cannabinoidreceptors, to methods for modulating cannabinoid receptors, methods formodulating the duration of action of the compound to processes for thepreparation of these compounds, to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising these compounds, and to methods for treating cannabinoiddependence, inflammation, pain, neuropathy, glaucoma, central nervoussystem disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and neurodegenerativedisorders; brain trauma, post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD).

1. Definitions

The compounds of this disclosure include any and all possible isomersincluding but not limited to stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers,and tautomers thereof. The compounds of this disclosure also include anyand all pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. Thus, the terms“compound” and “compounds” as used in this disclosure refer to thecompounds of this disclosure and any and all possible isomers,stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, andpharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.

In general, the compositions of the disclosure can be alternatelyformulated to comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, anyappropriate components disclosed in this application. The compositionsof the disclosure can additionally, or alternatively, be formulated soas to be devoid, or substantially free, of any components, materials,ingredients, adjuvants or species used in the prior art compositions orthat are otherwise not necessary to the achievement of the functionand/or objectives of the present disclosure.

For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examplesand claims are collected here. Unless defined otherwise, all technicaland scientific terms used in this disclosure have the same meanings ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thisdisclosure belongs. The initial definition provided for a group or termprovided in this disclosure applies to that group or term throughout thepresent disclosure individually or as part of another group, unlessotherwise indicated.

The articles “a” and “an” arc used in this disclosure to refer to one ormore than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of thearticle. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more thanone element.

The term “or” is used in this disclosure to mean, and is usedinterchangeably with, the term “and/or,” unless indicated otherwise.

The term “about” is used in this disclosure to mean a value − or +20% ofa given numerical value. Thus, “about 60%” means a value between 60−20%of 60 and 60+20% of 60 (i.e., between 48% and 72%).

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “alcohol” refers to the generalformula alkyl-OH and includes primary, secondary and tertiaryvariations.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the terms “alkyl” and “alk” referto a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containingfrom 1 to 15 carbon atoms. Exemplary “alkyl” groups include, but are notlimited to, methyl (“Me”), ethyl (“Et”), propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,t-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl,4,4-dimethylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylheptyl, octyl,2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like. Thealkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents,e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any available point of attachment.Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more ofthe following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogensubstituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case,groups such as CF₃, cyano, nitro, CHF₂, OCHF₂, CH₂F, OCH₂F,cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e),S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c),NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(c), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c),OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e),NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c),NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), whereineach R_(a) is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) are eachindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or saidR_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded optionallyform a heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; and each R_(e) is alkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. In theaforementioned exemplary substituents, groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl can themselves beoptionally substituted. The term “C₁-C_(n)-alkyl” refers to a straightor branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to ncarbon atoms. For example, the term “C₁-C₅-alkyl” refers to a straightor branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 5carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,t-butyl, isobutyl, etc.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term “alkenyl” refers to astraight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 15carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Exemplary suchgroups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (also called “vinyl”),allyl, propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, allenyl, butenyl, butadienyl,pentenyl, pentadienyl, 3(1,4-pentadienyl), hexenyl and hexadienyl. Thealkenyl group may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents, e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any available point ofattachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to,alkyl or substituted alkyl, as well as those groups recited above asexemplary alkyl substituents. The exemplary substituents can themselvesbe optionally substituted.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term “alkynyl” refers to astraight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 15carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Exemplary suchgroups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl.The alkynyl group may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents, e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any available point ofattachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to,alkyl or substituted alkyl, as well as those groups recited above asexemplary alkyl substituents. The exemplary substituents can themselvesbe optionally substituted.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term “aryl” refers to cyclic,aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 5 aromatic rings, includingmonocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl.Where containing two or more aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), thearomatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point (e.g.,biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl, phenanthrenyl and the like). Thearyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents,e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any point of attachment. Exemplarysubstituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, nitro, cycloalkylor substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,cyano, alkyl, fused cyclic groups, fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl,fused heterocycle, and fused aryl, and those groups recited above asexemplary alkyl substituents. The substituents can themselves beoptionally substituted.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to afully saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 ringsand 3 to 8 carbons per ring. Exemplary such groups include, but are notlimited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl, adamantyl, etc. The cycloalkyl group may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents, e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, atany available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, butare not limited to, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, spiro-attached orfused cyclic substituents, spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attachedcycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle, fused cycloalkyl, fusedcycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, fused aryl, and those groups recitedabove as exemplary alkyl substituents. The substituents can themselvesbe optionally substituted.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the terms “heterocycle” and“heterocyclic” refer to fully saturated, or partially or fullyunsaturated, including aromatic (i.e., “heteroaryl”) cyclic groups (forexample, 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 8 to16 membered tricyclic ring systems) which have at least one heteroatomin at least one carbon atom-containing ring. Each ring of theheterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3, or 4heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur,where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized andthe nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized. The heterocyclicgroup may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any heteroatomor carbon atom of the ring or ring system. Exemplary monocyclicheterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl,oxathiolanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl,oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thietanyl, azctidinc,diazetidine, thiolanyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl,isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl,oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl,2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl,hexahydrodiazepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl,tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinylsulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolane andtetrahydro-1,1-dioxothienyl, and the like. Exemplary bicyclicheterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, indolyl,isoindolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothienyl,benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl, quinuclidinyl,quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl,benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuryl, benzofurazanyl, chromonyl,coumarinyl, benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl,pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridinyl (such as furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl,furo[3,2-b]pyridinyl] or furo[2,3-b]pyridinyl), dihydroisoindolyl,dihydroquinazolinyl (such as 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinazolinyl),triazinylazepinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl and the like. Exemplarytricyclic heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to,carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl,xanthenyl and the like.

A heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents, e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any available point ofattachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to,cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substitutedcycloalkenyl, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), cyano, alkyl or substituted alkyl,spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents at any available point orpoints of attachment, spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attachedcycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fusedcycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, fused aryl, and thosegroups recited above as exemplary alkyl substituents. The substituentscan themselves be optionally substituted.

A “pharmaceutical composition”, as used herein, refers to a mixture ofone or more of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, along with other chemical components, such asphysiologically acceptable carriers and excipients. The purpose of apharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of a compoundto an organism.

The term “carrier”, as used herein, refers to a diluent, adjuvant,excipient, or vehicle with which a compound is administered, andencompasses a material or materials involved in carrying or transportinga pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, toanother organ, or portion of the body. Non-limiting examples of suchpharmaceutical carriers include liquids, such as water and oils,including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin,such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.The pharmaceutical carriers may also be saline, gum acacia, gelatin,starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like. Inaddition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloringagents may be used. Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriersare described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin(hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed in this disclosureto refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosageforms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitablefor use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals withoutexcessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem orcomplication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is intended to include saltsderived from inorganic or organic acids including, for examplehydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, phosphoric,formic, acetic, lactic, maleic, fumaric, succinic, tartaric, glycolic,salicylic, citric, methanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, malonic,trifluroacetic, trichloroacetic, naphthalene-2 sulfonic and other acids.Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms may also include forms whereinthe ratio of molecules comprising the salt is not 1:1. For example, thesalt may comprise more than one inorganic or organic acid molecule permolecule of base, such as two hydrochloric acid molecules per moleculeof compound of formula (1) or (II). As another example, the salt maycomprise less than one inorganic or organic acid molecule per moleculeof base, such as two molecules of compound of formula (I) or (II) permolecule of tartaric acid. Other exemplary pharmaceutically acceptablesalts are described herein.

The term “acid” contemplates all pharmaceutically acceptable inorganicor organic acids. Inorganic acids include mineral acids such ashydrohalic acids, such as hydrobromic and hydrochloric acids, sulfuricacids, phosphoric acids and nitric acids. Organic acids include allpharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic carboxylicacids, dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, and fatty acids.Preferred acids are straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturatedC₁-C₂₀ aliphatic carboxylic acids, which are optionally substituted byhalogen or by hydroxyl groups, or C₆-C₁₂ aromatic carboxylic acids.Examples of such acids are carbonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid,acetic acid, propionic acid, isopropionic acid, valeric acid,alpha-hydroxy acids, such as glycolic acid and lactic acid, chloroaceticacid, benzoic acid, methane sulfonic acid, and salicylic acid. Examplesof dicarboxylic acids include oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid,tataric acid and maleic acid. An example of a tricarboxylic acid iscitric acid. Fatty acids include all pharmaceutically acceptablesaturated or unsaturated aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids having 4to 24 carbon atoms. Examples include butyric acid, isobutyric acid,sec-butyric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid,linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and phenylsteric acid. Other acidsinclude gluconic acid, glycoheptonic acid and lactobionic acid.

As used herein and as well understood in the art, “treatment” is anapproach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinicalresults. Beneficial or desired clinical results may include, but are notlimited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms orconditions, diminution of extent of disease, a stabilized (i.e., notworsening) state of disease, preventing spread of disease, delay orslowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of thedisease state and remission (whether partial or total), whetherdetectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolongingsurvival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

The term “disorder” is used in this disclosure to mean, and is usedinterchangeably with, the terms disease, condition, or illness, unlessotherwised indicated.

The terms “effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” asused in this disclosure refer to an amount of a compound that, whenadministered to a subject, is capable of reducing a symptom of adisorder in a subject. The actual amount which comprises the “effectiveamount” or “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on anumber of conditions including, but not limited to, the particulardisorder being treated, the severity of the disorder, the size andhealth of the patient, and the route of administration. A skilledmedical practitioner can readily determine the appropriate amount usingmethods known in the medical arts.

As used in this disclosure, the terms “subject” and “patient” include,without limitation, a human or an animal. Exemplary animals include, butare not limited to, mammals such as mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat,horse, cow, pig, monkey, chimpanzee, baboon, or rhesus monkey.

The term “administer”, “administering”, or “administration” as used inthis disclosure refers to either directly administering a compound orpharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a composition to asubject, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of the compoundor pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or composition tothe subject, which can form an equivalent amount of active compoundwithin the subject's body.

The term “prodrug,” as used herein, means a compound which isconvertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g., by hydrolysis) to acompound of formula (I), (II) or (III).

The terms “isolated” and “purified” as used in this disclosure refer toa component separated from other components of a reaction mixture or anatural source. In certain embodiments, the isolate contains at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at leastabout 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98%of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound byweight of the isolate.

2. Cannabinoid Compounds

Certain chemical compounds have been found to modulate cannabinergicreceptors. These compounds may have selective affinity for the CB1and/or CB2 cannabinoid receptors.

Examples of cannabinergic ligands that bind to CB1 and/or CB2 include,but are not limited to, N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (also known asanandamide or AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) (both endogenousligands for the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors),(−)-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (the principal bioactive constituent ofcannabis and exogenous ligand for the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors)and other synthetic cannabinergic analogs.

Marijuana-like cannabinoids, in addition to acting at cannabinoidreceptors, also affect cellular membranes, and are known to causeundesirable side effects such as drowsiness, impairment of monoamideoxidase function, and impairment of non-receptor mediated brainfunction. Thus, the addictive and psychotropic properties of somecannabinoids limit their therapeutic value. Compounds that modulatecannabinoid receptor activity may provide desirable pharmacologicalproperties without the undesirable properties associated withconventional cannabinoids.

Herein, novel compounds were developed incorporating a soft-drugapproach and modulation of polarity to discover novel cannabinergicligands with controlled duration of action. Compounds developed usingthe dual approach have controlled duraction of action and thus reducedpotential for drug dependence and/or abuse. Soft drugs are isostericvariations of the longer acting prototypes that incorporate a moietythat is susceptible to metabolic action The soft drugs incorporate keepharmacophoric features required for biological activity, coupled withsuitable structural modifications to permit enzymatic transformation ofthe active soft drug to inactive or substantially less activemetabolites. Soft-cannabinoid analogs have been reported wherein theonly reported soft spot is an ester group in the side chain of theΔ^(6a-10a) tricyclic cannabinoid structure (See, e.g., Med. Res. Rev.2000, 20(1), 58-101; Pharmazie 2000, 55(3), 196-201; and Pharmazie 2002,57(2), 108-114; each herein incorporated by reference in its entirety),or in a biaryl cannabinoid derivative (See, e.g., Bioorg. Med. Chem.Lett. 2007, 17(17), 4878-4881; herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety). However, these compounds exhibit sub-optimal affinity andpotency at cannabinoid receptors with no demonstrated control of action.Exemplary soft drugs include remifentanil (Ultiva®), etomidate(Amidate®) and esmolol (Brevibloc®). Herein, exemplary labile moietiesincorporated into the compounds are esters, thioesters or amide groupsthat can be targeted by ubiquitous carboxyesterase or amdiase enzymesthat are expressed throughout the body in both organs and in thebloodstream.

However, modulation of polarity has not previously been studied inconjunction with the soft-drug approach. Incorporation of polar featureswithin key pharmacophoric sides of cannabinoids reduce the depot effectand permit metabolic deactivation to proceed in a controlled manner.Thus, incorporation of a dual approach using a metabolic soft spot suchas, for example, an ester, amide or thioester in key pharmacophoricsites such that inactivation occurs by non-tissue specific enzymes suchas, for example, esterases and/or amidases, via an organ independentelimination mechanism provides for metabolic deactivation in acontrolled manner after the desired pharmacological response isobtained. This provides potent cannabinergic ligands that demonstrate aless variable pharmacodynamic profile, conferring a reduced dependenceand abuse potential.

The present disclosure provides novel chemical compounds of formulae(I), (II) and (III).

In some embodiments,

is a single bond. In some embodiments,

is a double bond. In some embodiments,

between C8-C9 is a single bond. In some embodiments,

between C8-C9 is a double bond. In some embodiments,

between C9-C10 is a single bond. In some embodiments,

between C9-C10 is a double bond. In some embodiments,

between C6a-C10a is a single bond. In some embodiments,

between C6a-C10a is a double bond.

In some embodiments, X is —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,—CH(CH₂OR¹²), CHOCOR¹², CHCO₂R¹², or CHR¹². In some embodiments, X is—C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, or —CH(CH₂OH). In some embodiments,X is —C(CH₃)—, —CCH₂OH, COCOH, or CCO₂R⁴. In some embodiments, X is—C(CH₃)— or —C(CH₂OH)—. In some embodiments, X is —CH(OH)—, —C(O)O—,—OC(O)—, or —CH(CH₂OH)—. In some embodiments, X is —C(CH₃)—. In someembodiments, X is —C(CH₂OH)—.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are independently H, —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, —OH,or —CH₂CO₂H, wherein R¹ and R² are both not simultaneously OH. In someembodiments, R¹ and R² together with the carbon to which they areattached form a —(C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl or a —(C₃-C₆)-lactone. In someembodiments, R¹ and R² together with the carbon to which they areattached form a —(C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R²together with the carbon to which they are attached form a—(C₃-C₆)-lactone. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are independently H,methyl, —OH, or —CH₂CO₂H. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² areindependently H or methyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are eachmethyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each H.

In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴, —CH₂OH, —CO₂H, —C(O)SR⁴,—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴—OC(O)R⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, provided that when R³ is R⁴, then either X is —C(O)O— or—OC(O)—, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon to which they areattached form a —(C₃-C₆)-lactone so that at least one ester group ispresent in Formula (I).

In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴, —CH₂OH, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, —OC(O)R⁴,—(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, providedthat when R³ is R⁴, then either X is —C(O)O— or 13 OC(O)—, or R¹ and R²together with the carbon to which they are attached form a—(C₃-C₆)-lactone so that at least one ester group is present in Formula(I).

In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴, —CH₂OH, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴—OC(O)R⁴,—(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, providedthat when R³ is R⁴, then either X is —C(O)O— or —OC(O)—, or R¹ and R²together with the carbon to which they are attached form a—(C₃-C₆)-lactone so that at least one ester group is present in Formula(I), and provided that when R³ is —OC(O)R⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴,—C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, then R⁵ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴, —CH₂OH, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, —OC(O)R⁴,—(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, providedthat when R³ is R⁴, then either X is —C(O)O— or —OC(O)—, or R¹ and R²together with the carbon to which they are attached form a—(C₃-C₆)-lactone so that at least one ester group is present in Formula(I), and provided that when R³ is —OC(O)R⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴,—C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, then R⁵ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, —(CH₂)C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴,—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, —OC(O)R⁴, or —(CH₂)OC(O)R⁴. In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴,—C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, —OC(O)R⁴, or—(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴. In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴, —CO₂H, —C(O)OR⁴,or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴. In some embodiments, R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or—(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is —(C₁-C₈)-alkyl-R⁵, —(C₁-C₈)-alkenyl-R⁵, or—(C₁-C₈)-alkynyl-R⁵. In some embodiments, R⁴ is —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-R⁵,—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl-R⁵, or —(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl-R⁵. In some embodiments, R⁴ is—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-R⁵, —(C₁-C₄)-alkenyl-R⁵, or —(C₁-C₄)-alkynyl-R⁵.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is H, halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole,morpholine, thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole,morpholine, thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is H, halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃ imidazole, oxazole,1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, imidazole, oxazole,isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, imidazole, oxazole,isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

In some embodiments, R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, imidazole, oxazole,isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,or

In some embodiments, R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, imidazole, oxazole,isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, or 1,2,4-triazole.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is H or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁶is H or methyl. In some embodiments, R⁶ is H. In some embodiments, R⁶ ismethyl.

In some embodiments, R⁷ and R⁸ are independently H, halogen, CN,—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, OH, or —O—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ and R⁸are independently halogen, CN, OH, —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl.In some embodiments, R⁷ and R⁸ are independently OH or —O—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl.In some embodiments, R⁷ and R⁸ are each OH. In some embodiments, R⁷ andR⁸ are each —O—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently H, halogen, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃,—NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole,1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently halogen, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃,—NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole,1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently halogen, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃,—NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole,1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently halogen,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃,—NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole,1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently halogen,—O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃,—NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole,1,2,4-triazole, morpholine, thiomorpholine,

In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently H, halogen , —CN, NCS,N₃, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰are independently H, halogen, —CN, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl.In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently H, halogen, —CN, or—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independentlyhalogen, —CN, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ areindependently H, halogen, —CN, or methyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ andR¹⁰ are independently H, halogen, or methyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ andR¹⁰ are independently halogen, or —CN. In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰are independently H or halogen. In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ areindependently H or —CN. In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each methyl.In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each —CN. In some embodiments, R⁹and R¹⁰ are each halogen.

In some embodiments, R¹¹ id H, —(CH₂)_(p)-halogen, —(CH₂)_(p)—CN,—(CH₂)_(p)OH, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in which p is 0, 1, or 2. In someembodiments, R¹¹ is —(CH₂)_(p)-halogen, —(CH₂)_(p)—CN, —(CH₂)_(p)OH, or—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in which p is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is H,—(CH₂)_(p)-halogen, —(CH₂)_(p)—CN, —(CH₂)_(p)OH, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, inwhich p is 0. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is H, —(CH₂)_(p)-halogen,—(CH₂)_(p)—CN, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. In some embodiments, is—(CH₂)_(p)-halogen, —(CH₂)_(p)—CN, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl.

In some embodiments, R¹² is independently H or —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl. In someembodiments, R¹² is independently H or —(C₁-C₃)-alkyl. In someembodiments, R¹² is independently H or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. In someembodiments, R¹² is H. In some embodiments, R¹² is —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl. Insome embodiments, R¹² is methyl.

In some embodiments, p is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, p is 0 or 1.In some embodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, p is 1.

In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, m is 0 or 1.In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1.

In some embodiments, when X is —C(CH₃)—, R³ is CO₂H and R¹ is H ormethyl, then R² is not hydrogen; and when X is —C(CH₂OH)—, R¹ and R²are—(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, and R³ is —C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, —OC(O)R⁴,or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, then R⁵ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments,

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond, R³ is R⁴, —CH₂OH, —C(O)SR⁴,—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, —OC(O)R⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, provided that when R³ is R⁴, then either X is —C(O)O— or—OC(O)—, or R¹ and R² together with the carbon to which they areattached form a —(C₃-C₆)-lactone so that at least one ester group ispresent in Formula (I), and provided that when R³ is —OC(O)R⁴, —(C₁-C₃alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, then R⁵ is nothydrogen.

In some embodiments, when

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,

-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴;-   R⁵ is H, halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole,    oxazole, isoxazolc, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴,    —OC(O)R⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴; and-   R⁵ is halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole,    oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholinc,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, when

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,

-   R¹ and R² are independently H, —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴;-   R⁵ is H, halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole,    oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3 triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴,    —OC(O)R⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴; and-   R⁵ is halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole,    oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3 -triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, when

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,

-   R¹ and R² are independently H or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃)-alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴;-   R⁵ is halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole,    oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholinc,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,-   R¹ and R² are independently H or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, or R¹ and R²    together with the carbon to which they are attached form a    —(C₃-C₅)-cycloalkyl or a —(C₃-C₅)-lactone;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴,    —OC(O)R⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴; and-   R⁵ is halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole,    oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3 -triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, when

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,

-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴;-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl, or R¹ and R² together with    the carbon to which they are attached form a —(C₃-C₅)-cycloalkyl or    a —(C₃-C₅)-lactone;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴,    or —OC(O)R⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴; and-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, when

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,

-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴,or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴;-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl, or R¹ and R² together with    the carbon to which they are attached form a —(C₃-C₅)-cycloalkyl or    a —(C₃-C₅)-lactone;-   R³ is R⁴, —(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴,    —OC(O)R⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴; and-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, when

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,

-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴;-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl, or R¹ and R² together with    the carbon to which they are attached form a —(C₃-C₅)-cycloalkyl or    a —(C₃-C₅)-lactone;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴,    —OC(O)R⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴; and-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments, when

between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a single bond,

-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl;-   R³ is R⁴ or —C(O)OR⁴;-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   when    between C8-C9 or C9-C10 is a double bond,-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl, or R¹ and R² together with    the carbon to which they are attached form a —(C₃-C₅)-cycloalkyl or    a —(C₃-C₅)-lactone;-   R³ is R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, or —OC(O)R⁴; and-   R⁵ is halogen, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole, oxazole,    isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS.

In some embodiments of formula (I), the compound is of formula (Ia):

In some embodiments of formula (I), the compound is of formula (Ib):

In some embodiments of formula (I), the compound is of formula (Ic):

In some embodiments, the compound is formula (II).

In some embodiments of formula (II), the compound is of formula (IIa):

In some embodiments, the compound is of formula (II), wherein

-   R¹ and R² are independently H or methyl;-   R³ is —C(O)O—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl; and-   R⁷ and R⁸ are independently OH or OCH₃; and-   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently H, halogen , —CN, NCS, N₃, —SO₂NH₂,    —SO₂CF₃, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is of formula (II), wherein

-   R¹ and R² are each methyl;-   R³ is —C(O)O-ethyl;-   R⁷ and R⁸ are independently OH or OCH₃; and-   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently H, halogen , —CN, NCS, N₃, —SO₂NH₂,    —SO₂CF₃, or —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is of formula (II), wherein

-   R¹ and R² are each methyl;    -   R³ is —C(O)O-ethyl;    -   R⁷ and R⁸ are independently OH or OCH₃; and-   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently halogen, or methyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is of formula (II), wherein

-   R¹ and R² are each methyl;-   R³ is —C(O)O-ethyl;-   R⁷ and R⁸ are independently OH or OCH_(3;) and-   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each methyl or R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each halogen.

In some embodiments, the compound is of formula (III).

In some embodiments of the compound of formula (III),

-   R¹ and R² are independently H, —OH, or —CH₂CO₂H, wherein R¹ and R²    are both not simultaneously OH, or R¹ and R² together with the    carbon to which they are attached form a —(C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl or a    —(C₃-C₆)-lactone;-   R³ is R⁴, —CH₂OH, —CO₂H, —C(O)SR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁴, —OC(O)R⁴,    —(C₁-C₃alkyl)-OC(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-C(O)OR⁴, provided    that when R³ is R⁴, then R¹ and R² together with the carbon to which    they are attached form a —(C₃-C₆)-lactone so that at least one ester    group is present in Formula (III);-   R⁴ is —(C₁-C₈)-alkyl-R⁵, —(C₁-Cg)-alkenyl-R⁵, or    —(C₁-Cg)-alkynyl-R⁵; and-   R⁵ is H, halogen, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl,    —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl, —CN, —N₃, —NCS, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂CF₃, imidazole,    oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, morpholine,    thiomorpholine,

-   wherein —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkenyl, and —O—(C₁-C₆)-alkynyl    are optionally substituted with —CN, —N₃, or —NCS; and-   R¹⁹ is —(CH₂)_(p)-halogen, —(CH₂)_(p)—CN, —(CH₂)_(p)OH, or    —(C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in which p is 0, 1, or 2.

Specific embodiments of compounds of formula (I)a are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Compounds of Formula (I)a: (I)a

No. R¹ R² R³ 1.1 CH₃ CH₃ CO₂H 1.2 CH₃ CH₃

1.3 CH₃ CH₃

1.4 CH₃ CH₃

1.5 CH₃ CH₃

1.6 CH₃ CH₃

1.7 CH₃ CH₃

1.8 CH₃ CH₃

1.9 CH₃ CH₃

1.10 CH₃ CH₃

1.11^(a)

CO₂H 1.12^(a)

1.13 H CH₃ CO₂H 1.14 H CH₃

1.15 CH₃ H CO₂H 1.16 CH₃ H

1.17

CO₂H 1.18

1.19

1.20

1.21

1.22

n-hexyl 1.23

n-hexyl 1.24 CH₃ CH₃

1.25 CH₃ CH₃

1.26 H H CO₂H 1.27 H H

1.28 H H

1.29 H H

1.30 CH₃ CH₃

1.31 CH₃ CH₃

1.32 CH₃ CH₃ CH₂OH 1.33 CH₃ CH₃

1.34 CH₃ CH₃ CO₂CH₃ 1.35 CH₃ CH₃ CO₂CH₂CH₃ 1.36 CH₃ CH₃

^(a)The compound is a mixture of diastereomers. Thus, compound 1.11 is aracemic mixture of compounds 1.13 and 1.15; and compound 1.12 is aracemic mixture of compounds 1.14 and 1.16.

Specific embodiments of compounds of formula (I)b are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Compounds of Formula (I)b: (I)b

No. R¹ R² R³ 2.1 CH₃ CH₃ CO₂H 2.2 CH₃ CH₃

2.3 CH₃ CH₃

2.4 CH₃ CH₃

2.5 CH₃ CH₃

2.6 CH₃ CH₃

2.7 CH₃ CH₃

Specific embodiments of compounds of formula (I)c are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Compounds of Formula (I)c: (I)c

No. X R¹ R² R³ 3.1 C(O) H H CO₂H 3.2 C(O) H H CO₂-n-butyl 3.3 C(O) CH₃CH₃ CO₂H 3.4 C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl 3.5

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂H 3.6

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl 3.7

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂H 3.8

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl 3.9

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl 3.10 —CO₂— CH₃ CH₃ n-hexyl 3.11 —O₂C— CH₃ CH₃n-hexyl

Specific embodiments of compounds of formula (IIa) are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Compounds of Formula (IIa): (IIa)

No. R⁷ R⁸ R⁹ R¹⁰ 4.1 OCH₃ OCH₃ H CN 4.2 OH OH H CN 4.3 OCH₃ OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃4.4 OH OH CH₃ CH₃ 4.5 OH OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 4.6 OCH₃ OCH₃ Cl Cl 4.7 OCH₃ OH ClCl 4.8 OH OH Cl Cl

The compounds can be synthesized by illustrative synthetic means asdescribed in the Examples below. The ordinarily skilled artisanappreciates that additional methods of making the compounds exist, andunderstands that general synthetic schemes for the compounds disclosedherein can be understood from the illustrative schemes below.

In another aspect, the invention comprises methods of modulating acannabinoid receptor in a subject comprising administration of acompound of formula (I), (II), or (III).

In another aspect, the invention comprises methods of treatingcannabinoid dependence, neuropathy, inflammation, glaucoma, aneurodegenerative disorder, a motor function disorder, anxiety disorder,a gastrointestinal disorder, hypothermia, emesis, loss of appetite, oranorexia associated with AIDS in a subject comprising administration ofa compound of formula (I), (II) or (III). In some embodiments, themethods treat cannabinoid dependence, neuropathy, inflammation,glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disorder, a motor function disorder,anxiety disorder, a gastrointestinal disorder, hypothermia, emesis, lossof appetite, or anorexia associated with AIDS. In some embodiments, themethods treat cannabinoid dependence, neuropathy, inflammation,glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disorder, a motor function disorder,anxiety disorder, hypothermia, emesis, loss of appetite, or anorexiaassociated with AIDS. In some embodiments, the methods treat cannabinoiddependence, neuropathy, glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disorder, a motorfunction disorder, anxiety disorder, hypothermia, emesis, loss ofappetite, or anorexia associated with AIDS. In some embodiments, themethods treat cannabinoid dependence. In some embodiments, the methodstreat neuropathy. In some embodiments, the methods treat aneurodegenerative disorder. In some embodiments, the methods treat amotor function disorder. In some embodiments, the methods treat anxietydisorder. In some embodiments, the methods treat hypothermia. In someembodiments, the methods treat emesis. In some embodiments, the methodstreat loss of appetite. In some embodiments, the methods treat anorexiaassociated with AIDS.

In some embodiments, neuropathy comprises inflammation, pain,neuropathic pain, neuropathic low back pain, complex regional painsyndrome, post trigeminal neuralgia, causalgia, toxic neuropathy, reflexsympathetic dystrophy, diabetic neuropathy, chronic neuropathy caused bychemotherapeutic agents, central pain, peripheral pain, pellagricneuropathy, alcoholic neuropathy, Beriberi neuropathy, or burning feetsyndrome. In some embodiments, neuropathy comprises a neurodegenerativedisease.

In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is multiplesclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, Alzheimer'sdisease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, memory disorder, mood disorder,sleep disorder, gastrointestinal motility disorder, irritable bowelsyndrome, diarrhea, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, osteoporosis,osteoarthritis, emesis, epilepsy, a mental disorder, schizophrenia,depression, glaucoma, cachexia, insomnia, traumatic brain injury, spinalcord injury, seizures, excitotoxin exposure, ischemia, or AIDS wastingsyndrome.

In some embodiments, the anxiety disorder is panic disorder, acutestress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance-inducedanxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, specificphobia, or social phobia.

In some embodiments, the motor function disorder is Tourette's syndrome.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise administration of a compoundof formula (I). In some embodiments, the methods comprise administrationof a compound of formula (II). In some embodiments, the methods compriseadministration of a compound of formula (III).

Some of the physiological effects provided by modulation of thecannabinoid receptors by cannabinergic ligands are useful to treat adisorder in a subject. Such treatable physiological effects include, butare not limited to, neuroprotection; reduction of inflammation;reduction of pain; reduction of central pain; reduction of peripheralpain; modulation of memory; sleep inducement; modulation of the immunesystem; hypotension; reduction of emesis; effects on gastrointestinalmotility; effects on motor function; effects on intestinal transit andcolonic propulsion; modulation of appetite; and modulation of fertility.

Disorders that can be treated by modulation of cannabinoid receptorsinclude, for example: appetite disorders, metabolic disorders, movementdisorders, inflammation, pain, neuropathic pain (e.g., neuropathic lowback pain, complex regional pain syndrome, post trigeminal neuralgia,causalgia, toxic neuropathy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, diabeticneuropathy, chronic neuropathy caused by chemotherapeutic agents),central pain, peripheral pain, neuropathy (e.g., diabetic neuropathy,pellagric neuropathy, alcoholic neuropathy, Beriberi neuropathy, burningfeet syndrome), neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, Alzheimer's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; memory disorders, mood disorders, sleepdisorders, gastrointestinal motility disorders such as irritable bowelsyndrome and diarrhea; cardiovascular disease, hypertension,osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, emesis, epilepsy, mental disorders such asschizophrenia and depression; glaucoma, cachexia, insomnia, traumaticbrain injury, spinal cord injury, seizures, excitotoxin exposure,ischemia, AIDS wasting syndrome, psychological disorders includinganxiety disorders (e.g., panic disorder, acute stress disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder, substance-induced anxiety disorders,obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, socialphobia), to modulate the immune system; to regulate fertility; toprevent or reduce diseases associated with motor function such asTourette's syndrome; to provide neuroprotection, to produce peripheralvasodilation; to slow down intestinal transit and colonic propulsion; totreat several types of cancer, as well as other ailments in which agrowing family of bioactive lipid mediators is implicated.

The compounds of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) and pharmaceuticalformulations thereof can also be used in combination with one or moreagents treating and/or targeting the disorder or the endogenouscannabinergic system. Such agents include, but are not limited to, CB1cannabinoid receptor agonists, CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonists,analgesics, FAAH inhibitors, anandamide transport inhibitors, COX-2enzyme inhibitors, anxiolytics, antidepressants, and opioids. Forexample, these compounds and pharmaceutical formulations can be used inconjunction with other cannabinergic ligands that act directly orindirectly on the CB1 and CB2 receptors.

The disclosed compounds can also be used to prepare prodrugs. Prodrugsare known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical chemistry, andprovide benefits such as increased adsorption and half-life. Thoseskilled in the art of drug delivery will readily appreciate that thepharmacokinetic properties of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) can becontrolled by an appropriate choice of moieties to produce prodrugderivatives.

This disclosure is also directed to pharmaceutical formulationscomprising at least one compound of formula (I), (II) and/or (III), anda pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. Such formulations are suitablefor administration to a subject. The pharmaceutical formulation can beused for treating a disorder described herein.

Any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier known in the art can beused as long as it does not affect the inhibitory activity of a compoundof formula (I), (II) and/or (III). Carriers may be used that efficientlysolubilize the agents. Carriers include, but are not limited to, asolid, liquid, or a mixture of a solid and a liquid. The carriers cantake the form of capsules, tablets, pills, powders, lozenges,suspensions, emulsions, or syrups. The carriers can include substancesthat act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspendingagents, binders, stabilizers, tablet disintegrating agents, andencapsulating materials. Other examples of suitable physiologicallyacceptable carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(21st ed. 2005), incorporated into this disclosure by reference.

Non-limiting examples of materials which can serve aspharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such aslactose, glucose, and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch andpotato starch; (3) cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; (4)powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients,such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanutoil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, andsoybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, suchas glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters,such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) bufferingagents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginicacid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline, (18) Ringer'ssolution, (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21)other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceuticalformulations.

The formulations can conveniently be presented in unit dosage form andcan be prepared by any methods known in the art of pharmacy. The amountof compound of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) that can be combined witha carrier material to produce a single-dosage form will vary dependingupon the subject being treated, the particular mode of administration,the particular condition being treated, among others. The amount ofactive ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material toproduce a single-dosage form will generally be that amount of thecompound that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of onehundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to aboutninety-nine percent of active ingredient, in some instances from about 5percent to about 70 percent, in other instances from about 10 percent toabout 30 percent.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the stepof bringing into association a compound disclosed in this applicationwith a carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. Ingeneral, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimatelybringing into association a compound of formula (I), (II) and/or (III)with liquid carriers, or timely divided solid carriers, or both, andthen, if necessary, shaping the product.

In solid dosage forms of the disclosed compounds for oral administration(e.g., capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, and thelike), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more additionalingredients, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or anyof the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as, but not limited to,starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2)binders, such as, but not limited to, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates,gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3) humectants,such as, but not limited to, glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, suchas, but not limited to, agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapiocastarch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5)solution retarding agents, such as, but not limited to, paraffin; (6)absorption accelerators, such as, but not limited to, quaternaryammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, but not limited to,cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as, butnot limited to, kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as, butnot limited to, talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solidpolyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and(10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, thepharmaceutical compositions can also comprise buffering agents. Solidcompositions of a similar type can also be employed as fillers in softand hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose ormilk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, andthe like.

In powders, the carrier is a finely-divided solid, which is mixed withan effective amount of a finely-divided agent. Powders and sprays cancontain, in addition to a compound of formula (I), (II) and/or (III),excipients, such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide,calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such aschlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, suchas butane and propane.

Tablets for systemic oral administration can include one or moreexcipients as known in the art, such as, for example, calcium carbonate,sodium carbonate, sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol),celluloses (e.g., methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),gums (e.g., arabic, tragacanth), together with one or moredisintegrating agents (e.g., maize, starch, or alginic acid, bindingagents, such as, for example, gelatin, collagen, or acacia), lubricatingagents (e.g., magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc), inertdiluents, preservatives, disintegrants (e.g., sodium starch glycolatc),surface-active and/or dispersing agent. A tablet can be made bycompression or molding, optionally with one or more accessoryingredients.

In solutions, suspensions, emulsions or syrups, an effective amount of adisclosed compound is dissolved or suspended in a carrier, such assterile water or an organic solvent, such as aqueous propylene glycol.Other compositions can be made by dispersing the agent in an aqueousstarch or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution or a suitable oilknown to the art. The liquid dosage forms can contain inert diluentscommonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents,solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as, but not limited to, ethylalcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzylalcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils(in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor andsesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols,and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also includeadjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents,sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.

Suspensions can contain, in addition to the active compound, suspendingagents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylenesorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminummetahydroxide, bentonite, agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions for rectal or vaginaladministration can be presented as a suppository, which can be preparedby mixing one or more compounds of this disclosure with one or moresuitable non-irritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example,cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate,and which is solid at RT but liquid at body temperature and, thus, willmelt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the agents.Formulations suitable for vaginal administration also include, but arenot limited to, pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, orspray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art tobe appropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compoundof this disclosure include, but are not limited to, powders, sprays,ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, andinhalants. The active compound can be mixed under sterile conditionswith a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,buffers, or propellants.

Ointments, pastes, creams, and gels can contain, in addition to anactive compound, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils,waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives,polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zincoxide, or mixtures thereof.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlleddelivery of a compound of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) to the body.Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the agents inthe proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase theflux of the agents across the skin. The rate of such flux can becontrolled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersingthe compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

The compounds of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) are administered in atherapeutically effective amount to a patient in need of such treatment.Such an amount is effective in treating a disorder of the patient. Thisamount can vary, depending on the activity of the agent utilized, thenature of the disorder, and the health of the patient. A skilledpractitioner will appreciate that the therapeutically-effective amountof a compound of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) can be lowered orincreased by fine-tuning and/or by administering more than one compoundof formula (I), (II) and/or (III), or by administering a compound offormula (I), (II) and/or (III) together with a second agent (e.g.,antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, NSATDS, DMARDS, steroids, etc.).Therapeutically-effective amounts can be easily determined, for example,empirically by starting at relatively low amounts and by step-wiseincrements with concurrent evaluation of beneficial effect (e.g.,reduction in symptoms). The actual effective amount will be establishedby dose/response assays using methods standard in the art. As is knownto those in the art, the effective amount will depend onbioavailability, bioactivity, and biodegradability of the compound offormula (I), (II) and/or (III).

A therapeutically-effective amount is an amount that is capable ofreducing a symptom of a disorder in a subject. Accordingly, the amountwill vary with the subject being treated. Administration of the compoundof formula (I), (II) and/or (III) can be hourly, daily, weekly, monthly,yearly, or a single event. For example, the effective amount of thecompound can comprise from about 1 μg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kgbody weight. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the compoundcomprises from about 1 μg/kg body weight to about 50 mg/kg body weight.In some embodiments, the effective amount of the compound comprises fromabout 10 μg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weight. When one ormore compounds of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) or agents are combinedwith a carrier, they can be present in an amount of about 1 weightpercent to about 99 weight percent, the remainder being composed of thepharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

Methods of administration of the therapeutic formulations comprising thecompounds of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) can be by any of a number ofmethods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to,local or systemic administration. Exemplary routes of administrationinclude, but are not limited to, oral, parenteral, transdermal,intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous,intranasal (e.g., nebulizer, inhaler, aerosol dispenser), colorectal,rectal, intravaginal, and any combinations thereof. In addition, it maybe desirable to introduce pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosedcompounds into the central nervous system by any suitable route,including intraventricular and intrathecal injection. Intraventricularinjection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, forexample, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Methodsof introduction can be provided by rechargeable or biodegradabledevices, e.g., depots. Furthermore, administration can occur by coatinga device, implant, stent, or prosthetic. The compounds of formula (I),(II) and/or (III) can also be used to coat catheters in any situationwhere catheters are inserted in the body.

The therapeutic formulations containing a compound of formula (I), (II)and/or (III) can also be administered as part of a combinatorial therapywith other agents. Combination therapy refers to any form ofadministration combining two or more different therapeutic compoundssuch that the second compound is administered while the previouslyadministered therapeutic compound is still effective in the body (e.g.,the two compounds are simultaneously effective in the patient, which mayinclude synergistic effects of the two compounds). For example, thedifferent therapeutic compounds can be administered either in the sameformulation or in a separate formulation, either simultaneously orsequentially. Thus, an individual who receives such treatment can have acombined (conjoint) effect of different therapeutic compounds.

In other instances, for example, in the case of inflammatory conditions,a therapeutic formulation containing a compound of formula (I), (II)and/or (III) can be administered in combination with one or more otheragents useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions.Agents useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditionsinclude, but are not limited to, anti-inflammatory agents, orantiphlogistics. Exemplary antiphlogistics include, but are not limitedto, glucocorticoids, such as cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone,prednisolone, fluorcortolone, triamcinolone, methylprednisolone,prednylidene, paramethasone, dexamethasone, betamethasone,beclomethasone, fluprednylidene, desoxymethasone, fluocinolone,flunethasone, diflucortolone, clocortolone, clobetasol and fluocortinbutyl ester; immunosuppressive agents such as anti-TNF agents (e.g.,etanercept, infliximab) and IL-1 inhibitors; penicillamine;non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which encompassanti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drugs such as salicyclicacid, celecoxib, difunisal and from substituted phenylacetic acid saltsor 2-phenylpropionic acid salts, such as alclofenac, ibutenac,ibuprofen, clindanac, fenclorac, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, indoprofen,fenclofenac, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, piprofen, naproxen, benoxaprofen,carprofen and cicloprofen; oxican derivatives, such as piroxican;anthranilic acid derivatives, such as mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid,tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid, anilino-substituted nicotinicacid derivatives, such as the fenamates miflumic acid, clonixin andflunixin; heteroarylacetic acids wherein heteroaryl is a 2-indol-3 -ylor pyrrol-2-yl group, such as indomethacin, oxmetacin, intrazol,acemetazin, cinmetacin, zomepirac, tolmetin, colpirac and tiaprofenicacid; idenylacetic acid of the sulindac type; analgesically activeheteroaryloxyacetic acids, such as benzadac; phenylbutazone; etodolac;nabunetone; and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such asmethotrexate, gold salts, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine,ciclosporin, azathioprine, and leflunomide. Other therapeutics useful inthe treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions includeantioxidants. Antioxidants can be natural or synthetic. Antioxidantsare, for example, superoxide dismutase (SOD),21-aminosteroids/aminochromans, vitamin C or E, etc. Many otherantioxidants are known to those of skill in the art. The compounds offormula (I), (II) and/or (III) can serve as part of a treatment regimenfor an inflammatory condition, which may combine many differentanti-inflammatory agents. For example, the subject compounds can beadministered in combination with one or more of an NSAID, DMARD, orimmunosuppressant. The subject compounds can also be administered incombination with methotrexate. The subject antibodies can also beadministered in combination with a TNF-α inhibitor.

In the case of cardiovascular disease conditions, and particularly thosearising from atherosclerotic plaques, which are thought to have asubstantial inflammatory component, the therapeutic formulationincluding a compound of formula (I), (II) and/or (III) can beadministered in combination with one or more other agents useful in thetreatment of cardiovascular diseases. Agents useful in the treatment ofcardiovascular diseases include, but are not limited to, β-blockers suchas carvedilol, metoprolol, bucindolol, bisoprolol, atenolol,propranolol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, and labetalol; antiplateletagents such as aspirin and ticlopidine; inhibitors ofangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) such as captopril, enalapril,lisinopril, benazopril, fosinopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, andmoexipril; and lipid-lowering agents such as mevastatin, lovastatin,simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin.

In the case of cancer, the subject compounds can be administered incombination with one or more anti-angiogenic factors, chemotherapeutics,or as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. It is further envisioned that theadministration of the subject compounds will serve as part of a cancertreatment regimen, which may combine many different cancer therapeuticagents.

The disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples, whichare not to be construed as limiting this disclosure in scope or spiritto the specific procedures described in this disclosure. It is to beunderstood that the examples are provided to illustrate certainembodiments and that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure isintended thereby. It is to be further understood that resort may be hadto various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereofwhich may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the spirit of the present disclosure and/or scope of theappended claims.

It will recognized that one or more features of any embodimentsdisclosed herein may be combined and/or rearranged within the scope ofthe invention to produce further embodiments that are also within thescope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Preparation of Compounds of Formula 1b.

Example 1 Synthesis of Tricyclic Acid (1.1)

Procedure:

2-(3, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile (1)

To the stirring suspension of sodium hydride (169.2 mmol) in dry DMF (40ml) under argon at 0° C. was added drop wise a mixture of3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile (56.2 mmol) and iodomethane (169.2 mmol)in dry DMF (40 ml). The reaction mixture was brought to room temperatureafter stirring at 0° C. for 15 min and stirred for additional 1.5 h. Thereaction mixture was quenched with drop wise addition of saturatedsolution of NH₄Cl and diluted with ether. The organic layer wasseparated and aqueous layer extracted with ether 3 times. The combinedorganic layers were collected, washed with saturated brine solution,dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 25%ethyl acetate/hexane to yield compound 1 as colorless oil (11.01 g, 95%yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.71 (s, 6H) 3.82 (s, 6H)6.40 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.61 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

2-(3, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (2)

To the stirring mixture of 1 (19.48 mmol), n-butanol (29.23 mmol),sodium hydroxide (48.7 mmol) was added water (48.7 mmol) and theresulting reaction mixture was refluxed at 125° C. for 4 h. Excess ofn-Butanol was removed under reduced pressure using rotavapor and theresidue was acidified with drop wise addition of 2N HCl and theresulting mixture was diluted with ether. The organic layer separatedand aqueous layer extracted with ether (20 ml) 3 times. The combinedorganic layers were collected washed with water, saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum toget crude product which was then chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 30% ether/hexane to give 2 (3.71 g, 93% yield) as white solid. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.57 (s, 6H) 3.79 (s, 6H) 6.36 (t,J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.54 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H); HRMS calcd for C₁₂H₁₇0₄ 225.1127,found 225.1132. Melting point: 99° C.

2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (3)

To the stirring solution of 2 (3.03 mmol) in dry DCM (25 ml) in 50 mlRBF at −78° C. under argon was added borontribromide (10.61 mmol). Thereaction mixture was brought to room temperature after stirring at sametemperature for 20 min and stirred for additional 2 h. The reactionmixture was quenched with drop wise addition of 1N HCl and diluted withether. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted withether (10 ml) 2 times. The combined organic layers were collected,washed with saturated brine solution and dried over magnesium sulfate togive crude product which was then chromatographed on silica gel to give3 (3.2 g, 85%) as white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol d₄) δ ppm 1.48(s, 6H) 6.15 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.33 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H). HRMS calcd forC₁₀H₁₃0₄ 197.0814, found 197.0806.

2-((6aS,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoicacid (1.1)

The solution of 3 (1.01 mmol), p-menthadienol (1.12 mmol) andp-toluenesulfonic acid (0.2 mmol) in CHCl₃ (10 ml) was refluxed at 65°C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and dilutedwith CHCl₃. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted withCHCl₃ (10 ml) three times. The combined organic layers were collected,washed with water, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated undervacuum to give crude product which was then chromatographed on silicagel to give 4 (110 mg, 32% yield) as light yellowish solid. ¹H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.51 (d, J=9.0 Hz,6H) 1.68 (s, 3H) 1.74-1.89 (m, 3H) 2.10-2.16(m, 1H) 2.70 (td, J=11.0,4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.19 (dd, J=16.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H) 6.29(d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.45 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₀H₂₇0₄331.1909, found 331.1901.

Example 2 Synthesis of Compounds 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9,1.10, 1.24, 1.25, 1.34, 1.35, and 1.36

Tricyclic acid (1.1) was coupled with side chains using optimizedmicrowave conditions to give respective compounds as shown in scheme 2and 2a.

Typical Procedure

Alkyl side chain (1.5 equivalent) was added to the stirring mixture of1.1 (1 equivalent) and sodium bicarbonate (1.5 equivalent) in dimethylformamide (2 ml) in microwave vessel and the resulting solution washeated at 165° C. in microwave for 12 min. The reaction mixture wasquenched with water and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer extracted 3 times with ethyl acetate. Thecombined organic layers were collected, washed with saturated brine,dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which was then chromatographed on silica gel to get pureproduct.

4-bromobutyl-2-((6aS,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzochromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (1.2)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.1 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.68-1.86(m, 7H) 1.70 (s,3H) 1.51 (s, 6H) 2.1-2.2 (m,1H) 2.69 (dt, J=11.0, 4.5Hz,1H) 3.20 (dd, J=16.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.32 (t, J=6.5, 2H) 4.09 (t, J=6.5,2H) 5.18 (s, OH). 5.42 (d, J=4.5, 1H) 6.25 (d, J=2.0, 1H) 6.41(d, J=2.0,1H). HRMS calcd for C₂₄H₃₄0₄Br 465.1640, found 465.1647.

Butyl-2-((6aS, 10aR)-6a, 7, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6, 6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (1.4)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.87 (t, J=7.32 Hz, 3H) 1.10 (s,3H) 1.23-1.32 (m, 2H) 1.39 (s, 3H) 1.51 (s, 6H) 1.53-1.58 (m, 2H) 1.69(s, 3H) 1.76-1.89 (m, 3H) 2.11-2.20 (m, 1H) 2.70 (td, J=11.0, 4.5 Hz,1H) 3.21 (dd, J=16.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H) 4.07 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H) 5.11 (s, OH)5.43 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H) 6.26 (s, 1H) 6.43 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcdfor C₂₄H₃₄0₄ 386.2457, found 386.2460.

5-bromopentyl-2-((6aS,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.5)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.11 (s, 3H) 1.26 (br. s., 1H) 1.39(s, 3H) 1.52 (s, 6H) 1.62-1.75 (m, 6H) 1.76-1.90 (m, 3H) 1.96-2.06 (m,2H) 2.15 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H) 2.70 (td, J=10.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.20 (dd,J=16.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 4.07 (t, J=6.35 Hz, 2H) 4.91-5.01 (m, 2H) 5.44 (br.s., 1H) 5.67-5.81 (m, 1H) 6.25 (s, 1H) 6.44 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd forC₂₅H₃₅O₄Br 478.1718, found 478.1715.

4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)butyl2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.6)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.47 (d,J=9.0 Hz, 6H)1.69 (s, 3H) 1.70-1.82 (m, 7H) 2.10-2.16 (m, 1H) 2.72 (td,J=11.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H) 3.39 (dd, J=16.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H) 3.88 (td, J=6.5, 2.5Hz, 2H) 3.96 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H) 5.42 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H) 6.23 (d, J=2.0 Hz,1H) 6.36 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H) 6.86 (s, 1H) 7.10 (s, 1H) 7.50 (s, 1H).

3-bromopropyl-2-((6aR, 10aR)-6a, 7, 10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.7)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.51 (s,6H) 1.69 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.89 (m, 3H) 2.08 (t, J=6.50 Hz, 2H) 2.12-2.19 (m,1H) 2.70 (dt, J=10.50, 4.50 Hz, 1H) 3.08-3.38 (m, 3H) 4.19 (t, J=6.5 Hz,2H) 5.42 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H) 5.89 (s, 1H) 6.28 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.41 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

Methyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (1.34)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.50 (s,6H) 1.69 (s, 3H) 1.76-1.86 (m, 3H) 2.09-2.21 (m, 1H) 2.70 (dt, J=11.0,5.0 Hz, 1H) 3.23 (dd, J=15.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.66 (s, 3H) 5.43 (d, J=4.5Hz, 1H) 5.76 (s, 1H) 6.27 (d, 1=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.42 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMScalcd for C₂₁H₂₈O₄ 344.1988, found 344.1992.

Ethyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c] chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (1.35)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.11 (s, 3H) 1.20 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H)1.39 (s, 3H) 1.51 (s, 6H) 1.69 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.89 (m, 3H) 2.10-2.18 (m,1H) 2.70 (td, J=11.0, 4.50 Hz, 1H) 3.23 (dd, J=16.0, 4.50 Hz, 1H) 4.11(q, J=14.5, 7.0Hz, 2H) 5.43 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H) 5.74 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H)6.27 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H) 6.41 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₂H₃₀0₄358.2144, found 358.2145.

2-bromoethyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (1.36)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.53 (s,6H) 1.69 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.86 (m, 3H) 3.45 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H) 4.36 (td,J=2.0, 5.5 Hz, 2H) 5.04 (s , 1H) 5.43 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 6.27 (d, J=1.5Hz, 1H) 6.42 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₂H₂₉O₄Br 436.1249,found 436.1250.

4-cyanobutyl-2-((6aS, 10aR)-6a, 7, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6, 6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (1.3)

To the stirring solution of 1.2 (0.043 mmol) in dry DMSO (3 ml) wasadded sodium cyanide (0.43 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated at50° C. for 3 h, brought to room temperature, quenched with water anddiluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ml) 3 times. The combined organicextracts were collected, washed with saturated brine solution, driedover magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give crudeproduct which was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20%ethyl acetate/hexane to give 1.3 (56% yield) as light yellowish gum.¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.1 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.51 (d,J=2.5Hz, 6H) 1.59-1.90 (m, 7H) 1.69 (s, 3H) 2.12-2.15 (m,1H) 2.27 (t,J=7.0 Hz,2H) 2.70 (dt, J=11.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H) 3.20 (dd, J=16.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H)4.11 (t, J=6.5, 2H) 5.26 (s, 1H) 5.42 (d, J=5.0, 1H) 6.26 (d, J=2.0, 1H)6.41 (d, J=2.0, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₅H₃₄NO₄ 412.2488, found 412.2480.

3-cyanopropyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.8)

Sodium cyanide (1.94 mmol) was added to the stirring solution of 1.7(0.24 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (6 ml). The resulting solution washeated for 12 h at 50° C. The reaction mixture was quenched with waterand diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ml) three times. The combinedorganic layers were collected , washed with saturated brine solution,dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 25%ethyl acetate/hexane to give 1.8 (98% yield) as light yellowish gum. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.51 (s, 6H)1.69 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.87 (m, 3H) 1.89-1.96 (m, 2H) 2.10-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.21(t, J=7.50 Hz, 2H) 2.70 (dt, J=11.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H) 3.23 (dd, J=16.0, 4.0Hz, 1H) 4.13-4.18 (m, 2H) 5.42 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 5.82 (s, 1H) 6.29 (d,J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.40 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₄H₃₁NO₄ 397.2253,found 397.2254.

3-azidopropyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.9)

To the stirring solution of 1.7 (0.088 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5ml) under argon was added tetrabutylammoniumazide (0.88 mmol). Theresulting mixture was heated at 40° C. for 48 h and quenched with waterand diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organiclayers were collected washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 17% ethylacetate/hexane to give 1.9 (70% yield) as light yellowish gum. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.51 (s, 6H)1.69 (s, 3H) 1.80-1.86 (m, 4H) 2.09-2.21 (m, 1H) 2.71 (dt, J=10.50, 4.50Hz, 1H) 3.14-3.30 (m, 4H) 4.13-4.18 (m, 2H) 5.19 (s, 1H) 5.43 (d, J=4.50Hz, 1H) 6.25 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.42 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd forC₂₃H₃₁N_(hd 3)O₄ 413.2315, found 413.2317.

3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.10)

Imidazole (2.15 mmol) was added to the stirring suspension of 1.7 (0.43mmol) and potassium carbonate (4.3 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (5 ml).The resulting mixture was stirred for 14 h at room temperature. Thereaction mixture was quenched with water and diluted with ethyl acetate.The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethylacetate (2 ml) three times. The combined organic layers were collectedwashed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which was thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 50% acetone/hexane to give1.10 (41% yield) as light yellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d)δ ppm 1.07 (s, 3H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.49 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 6H) 1.69 (s, 3H)1.72-1.87 (m, 3H) 1.92-2.01 (m, 2H) 2.08-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.73 (dt, J=11.5,4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.42 (dd, J=17.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H) 3.73 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H)3.80-3.99 (m, 2H) 5.40 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H) 6.32 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.40 (d,J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.64 (s, 1H) 7.04 (s, 1H) 7.33 (s, 1H). HRMS calcd forC₂₆H₃₄N₂O₄ 438.2518, found 438.2518.

4-morpholinobutyl2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.24)

To the stirring solution of 1.2 (0.36 mmoles) in dry acetonitrile underargon at room temperature was added triethylamine (1.09 mmoles) andmorpholine (3.6 mmoles). The resulting solution was stirred at sametemperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water anddiluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organiclayers were collected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich is then chromatographed on silicagel eluting with 48%acetone/hexane to get 1.24 (81% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.49 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 6H) 1.56-1.66 (m, 4H)1.68 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.82 (m, 3H) 2.10-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.33-2.41 (m, 4H) 2.69(dt, J=4.5, 11.0 Hz, 1H) 3.32 (dd, J=4.5, 16.0 Hz, 1H) 3.73-3.82 (m, 6H)4.10-4.18 (m, 2H) 5.42 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 6.13 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.38 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H)

3-morpholinopropyl 2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(1.25)

To the stirring solution of 1.7 (0.58 mmoles) in dry acetonitrile underargon at room temperature was added triethylamine (1.76 mmoles) andmorpholine (5.8 mmoles). The resulting solution was stirred at sametemperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water anddiluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organiclayers were collected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich is then chromatographed on silicagel eluting with 45%acetone/hexane to get 1.25 (78% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.49 (d, J=5.5Hz, 6H) 1.67 (s, 3H)1.75-1.83 (m, 5H) 2.11-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.24-2.36 (m, 2H) 2.41 (br, s, 4H)2.68 (dt, J=4.5, 11.0 Hz, 1H) 3.26 (dd, J=4.5, 16.5 Hz, 1H) 3.71 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 4H) 4.12 (m, 2H) 5.41 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 6.23 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H)6.38 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₇H₃₉NO₅ 457.2828, found457.2829.

Example 3 Synthesis of Compounds 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, and 1.16

The synthesis of compounds with monomethyl at 1′ position is depicted inscheme 3, 3a and 3b.

Procedure

2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propanenitrile (4)

A solution of 3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile (28.2 mmoles) andiodomethane (42.3 mmoles) in dry DMF (30 ml) was added at 0° C. to asuspension of sodium hydride (33.8 mmoles, 60% dispersion in oil) in dryDMF (50 ml). The resulting mixture was brought to room temperature andstirred for additional 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched withsaturated ammonium chloride and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate threetimes. The combined organic layers collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution and dried over magnesium sulfate silution toget crude product which is then chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 20% Ethyl acetate:Hexane mixture to get pure intermediate 4 (75%yield) as white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.63 (d,J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 3.81 (s, 6H) 3.84 (q, J=7.0, 14.5 Hz, 1H) 6.41 (t, J=2.5Hz, 1H) 6.54 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H).

2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (5)

Sodium hydroxide (30.05 mmoles) was added to a mixture of 4 (12.02mmoles), n-Butanol (18.04 mmoles) and water (30.05 mmoles). Theresulting mixture was refluxed at 125° C. for 8 h and excess ofn-butanol was removed under reduced pressure using rotavapor and theremaining reaction mixture was acidified using 1N HCl and diluted withethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layerswas collected, washed with water, saturated brine, dried over magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 85% ethl acetate:hexane toget pure intermediate 5 (92% yield) as white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.49 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 3.66 (q, J=7.0, 14.5 Hz, 1H)3.77 (s, 6H) 6.37 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.47 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (6):

Boron tribromide (38.45 mmoles, 1M Solution in DCM) was added at −78° C.to a solution of 5 (10.98 mmoles). The resulting mixture was brought toroom temperature after stirring at same temperature for 1 h and stirredfor additional 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturatedsodium bicarbonate solution and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated undervacuum to get crude product which is then chromatigraphed on silicageleluting with 78% ethyl acetate/hexane to get pure intermediate 6 (78%yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.40 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 3.56(q, J=6.5, 14.0 Hz, 1H) 6.20 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.30 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H).

2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)propanoicacid (1.11): p toulenesulfonic acid (0.72 mmoles) was added to asolution of 6 (3.62 mmoles) and cis/trans paramentha dienol (3.98mmoles) in chloroform (30 ml). The resulting mixture was refluxed at 65°C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and dilutedwith DCM,the organic layer separated and aqueous layer was extractedwith DCM three times. The combine dorganic layers was collected, washedwith saturated brine and dried over magnesium sulfate to get crudeproduct which had overlapping impurities and was used as such for nextreaction without purification. HRMS calcd for C₁₉H₂₄0₄ 316.1675, found316.1675.

Butyl2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)propanoate (1.12): Sodium bicarbonate (0.66 mmoles) wasadded to a solution of 1.11 (0.55 mmoles) and bromobutane (0.82 mmoles)in DMF (2 ml) in microwave vessel. The resulting mixture was heated at165° C. for 12 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with water anddiluted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organiclayers were collected, washed with saturated brine, dried over magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 12% ethyl acetate/hexane toget pure product 1.12 (80% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm0.87 (dt, J=2.0, 7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.25-1.35 (m, 2H) 1.37 (s,3H), 1.44 (dd, J=1.5, 6.5 Hz, 3H) 1.52 (p, J=7.0, 14.5 Hz, 2H) 1.68 (s,3H) 1.75 -1.89 (m,3H) 2.12 (d, J=145 Hz, 1H) 2.69 (dt, J=4.0, 10.5 Hz,1H) 3.24 (d, J=19.5 Hz, 1H) 3.5-3.59 (m, 1H) 4.0-4.12 (m, 2H) 5.42 (d,J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 6.30 9s, 1H) .34 (s, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₂₃H₃₂0₄372.2301, found 372.2305.

Procedure

2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetyl chloride (7)

To the stirring solution of 3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid (5.09 mmoles)in dry dichloromethane (40 ml) was added intermittently 4.24 ml of 1.5 Mstock solution (thionyl chloride (5.46 ml) and benzotriazole (8.93 g) in50 ml DCM). The reaction mixture was filtered through celite afterstirring at room temperature for 20 min and diluted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with dilute 1N HCl,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to give 57 (92% Yield) as crude product which was used assuch for next reaction without purification.

(R)-4-benzyl-3-(2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetyl)oxazolidin-2-one (8)

To the stirring solution of (R)-4-benzyl oxazolidin-2-one (4.18 mmoles)in dry THF (10 ml) at −30° C. was added drop wise n-butyl lithium (4.18mmoles, 1.6 M solution in hexane) and the resulting mixture was stirredat same temperature for 30 min. To the resulting mixture was addedsolution of 7 (4.59 mmoles) in dry THF (3 ml) and the reaction mixturewas stirred at same temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture wasquenched with sidum bisulfate and diluted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer was extracted with ethylacetate three times. The combined organic layers were collected washedwith water, saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% acetone:hexane to getpure product 8 (66% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 2.76(dd, J=9.5, 14.0 Hz, 1H) 3.24 (dd, J=3.0, 13.5 Hz, 1H) 3.77 (s, 6H) 4.10-4.19 (m, 2H) 4.26 (q, J=15.5, 42.0 Hz, 2H) 4.64-4.70 (m, 1H) 6.39 (t,J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.5 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H) 7.13 (dd, J=1.5, 3.5 Hz, 2H)7.21-7.31 (m, 3H).

(R)-4-benzyl-3-((R)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoyl)oxazolidin-2-one(9)

To the stirring solution of 8 (2.75 mmoles) in dry THF (20 ml) underargon at -78° C. was added drop wise sodium hexamethyldisilylamide (3.03mmoles, 1M in THF) and the reaction mixture stirred at same temperaturefor 1 h. Iodomethane (13.75 mmoles) was added to the reaction mixture at−78° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 1 h and thenallowed to warm to −30° C. and stirred for additional 1 h. The reactionmixture was quenched with acetic acid (30 ml) in ether (40 ml) andfiltered over a celite pad. The filterate was concentrated in vacuum andthe crude product was chromatogrpahed on silicagel eluting with 15%ethyl acetate:hexane mixture to get pure product 9 (63% yield) asviscous oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.53 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H)2.8 (dd, J=10.0, 13.5 Hz, 1H) 3.33 (dd, J=3.0, 13.5 Hz, 1H) 3.76 (s, 6H)4.0 -4.11 (m, 2H) 4.54-4.62 (m, 1H) 5.06 (q, J=7.5, 14.0 Hz, 1H) 6.34(t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.53 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H) 7.21 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) 7.26 (t,J=7.5 Hz, 1H) 7.32 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H). HRMS calcd for C₂₁H₂₄N0₅ 370.1654,found 370.1669.

(R)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (10)

Mixture of 9 (0.27 mmoles) and lithium hydroxide (0.812 mmoles) wasstirred at 0° C. in THF:H₂O (5 ml, 50:50 mixture) for 2 h. The solventwas removed under vacuum after warming to room temperature and theresidue was washed with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers werecollected and acidified using 1N HCl and diluted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate.The combined organic layers were collected washed with brine, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich is then chromatigraphed on silicagel eluting with 66% ethylacetate: hexane to give pure product 10 (50% yield).¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 3.66 (q, J=14.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H)3.77 (s, 6H) 6.37 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.47 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

(R)-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (11)

Boron tribromide (4.8 mmoles, 1M solution in DCM) was added to thestirring solution of 10 (1.37 mmoles) in dry DCM (20 ml) at −78° C. andthe reaction mixture stirred for 1 h at same temperature. The reactionmixture was brought to room temperature, stirred for additional 6 h andquenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate and diluted with chloroform.The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with chloroformthree times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withwater, saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilicagel eluting with 55% acetone:hexane to get pure product 11 (73%yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.38 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 3.53(q, J=7.0, 14.5 Hz, 1H) 6.18 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.29 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

(R)-2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)propanoicacid (1.13)

p-toulenesulfonic acid (0.19 mmoles) was added to the stirring solutionof 11 (0.98 mmoles) and paramentha dienol (1.08 mmoles) in chloroform(15 ml) and the resulting mixture was refluxed at 65° C. for 4 h. Thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water anddiluted with chloroform. The organic layer separated and aqueous layerextracted with chloroform three times. The combine dorganic layers werecollected, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silicagel eluting with 35% acetone; hexane to get1.13(40% yield). HRMS calcd for C₁₉H₂₄0₄ 316.1675, found 316.1676 (Note:The product could not be isolated in very pure form, so carried forwardto next reaction as such).

(R)-butyl2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)propanoate (1.14)

Bromobutane (0.36 mmoles) was added to a mixture of 1.13 (0.18 mmoles)and sodium bicarbonate (0.21 mmoles) in DMF (2 ml) in microwave vessel.The resulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min in microwave, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with waterand ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layerswere collected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatigraphed on silicagel eluting with 10% ethylacetate:hexane mixture to get pure product 1.14 (46 mg, 67% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.09 (s, 3H)1.29 (q, J=8.5 Hz, 15.5 Hz, 2H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.44 (dd,J=3.0, 6.5 Hz, 3H)1.57 (p, J=7.0, 14.0 Hz, 2H) 1.68 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.88 (m, 3H) 2.11 (d,J=15.5 Hz, 1H) 2.69 (dt, J=4.5, 10.5 Hz, 1H) 3.24 (d, J=19.5 Hz, 1H)3.55 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 14.5 Hz, 1H) 4.01-4.17 (m, 2H) 4.8 (s, 1H) 5.41 (s,1H) 6.30 (s, 1H) 6.34 (s, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₂₃H₃₂0₄₃ 72.2301, found372.2304.

Procedure

(S)-3-(2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetyl)-4-isopropyloxazolidin-2-one (13)

To the stirring solution of (S)-4-isopropyl-oxazolidin-2-one (13.32mmoles) in dry THF (15 ml) at −30° C. was added drop wise n-butyllithium (13.32 mmoles, 1.6 M solution in hexane) and the resultingmixture was stirred at same temperature for 30 min. To the resultingmixture was added solution of 7 (12.11 mmoles) in dry THF (5 ml) and thereaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 4 h. The reactionmixture was quenched with sodium bisulfite and diluted with ethylacetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer was extractedwith ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layers werecollected washed with water, saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20%acetone:hexane to get pure product 13 (65% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.89 (dd, J=7.0, 37.5 Hz, 6H) 2.3-2.4 (m, 1H) 3.76(s, 6H) 4.13 -4.22 (m, 2H) 4.27 (q, J=14.5, 23.5 Hz, 2H) 4.41-4.46 (m,1H) 6.36 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.47 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

(S)-3-((S)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoyl)-4-isopropyloxazolidin-2-one(14)

To the stirring solution of 13 (15.06 mmoles) in dry THF (80 ml) underargon at −78° C. was added drop wise sodium hexamethyldisilylamide(16.57 mmoles, 1M in THF) and the reaction mixture stirred at sametemperature for 1 h. Iodomethane (75.3 mmoles) was added to the reactionmixture at −78° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 1h and then allowed to warm to −30° C. and stirred for additional 1 h.The reaction mixture was quenched with acetic acid (30 ml) in ether (40ml) and filtered over a celite pad. The filterate was concentrated invacuum and the crude product was chromatogrpahed on silicagel elutingwith 15% ethyl acetate:hexane mixture to get pure product 14 (82% yield)as viscous oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.9 (dd, J=6.5, 8.0Hz, 6H) 1.48 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 2.38-2.49 (m, 1H) 3.76 (s, 6H) 4.13-4.27(m, 2H) 4.33-4.4 (m, 1H) 5.08 (q, J=6.5, 14.0 Hz, 1H) 6.34 (t, J=2.0 Hz,1H) 6.51 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

(S)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (15)

Mixture of 14 (11.53 mmoles) and lithium hydroxide (34.72 mmoles) wasstirred at 0° C. in THF:H₂O (50:50 mixture) for 2 h. The solvent wasremoved under vacuum after warming to room temperature and the residuewas washed with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers werecollected and acidified using 1N HCl and diluted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate.The combined organic layers were collected washed with brine, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich is then chromatigraphed on silicagel eluting with 65% ethylacetate: hexane to give pure product 15 (90% yield) .¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.47 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 3.66 (q, J=10.0, 15.0 Hz, 1H)3.75 (s, 6H) 6.36 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.47 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H) 11.91 (s,1H).

(S)-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (16)

Boron tribromide (32.46 mmoles, 1M solution in DCM) was added to thestirring solution of 15 (9.27 mmoles) in dry DCM (80 ml) at −78° C. andthe reaction mixture stirred for 1 h at same temperature. The reactionmixture was brought to room temperature, stirred for additional 2 h andquenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate and diluted with chloroform.The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with chloroformthree times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withwater, saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilicagel eluting with 65%ethyl acetate/hexane to get pure product 16(90% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d) δ ppm 1.38 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H)3.54 (q, J=7.5, 14.5 Hz, 1H) 6.17 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.28 (d, J=2.5 Hz,2H).

(S)-2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)propanoicacid (1.15)

p-toulenesulfonic acid (0.27 mmoles) was added to the stirring solutionof 16 (1.37 mmoles) and paramentha dienol (1.5 mmoles) in chloroform (20ml) and the resulting mixture was refluxed at 65° C. for 2 h. Thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water anddiluted with chloroform. The organic layer separated and aqueous layerextracted with chloroform three times. The combine dorganic layers werecollected, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 35% acetone:hexane to get1.15 (32% yield) HRMS calcd for C₁₉H₂₄0₄ 316.1675, found 31.1670. (Note:The product could not be purified using column chromatography).

(S)-butyl2-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)propanoate(1.16)

Bromobutane (1.56 mmoles) was added to a mixture of 1.15 (0.78 mmoles)and sodium bicarbonate (0.94 mmoles) in DMF in microwave vessel. Theresulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min in microwave, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with waterand ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layerswere collected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatigraphed on silicagel eluting with 12% ethylacetate:hexane mixture to get pure product 1.16 (33% yield). ¹H NMR (500MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.28-1.59(m, 4H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.44 (d, J=6.5Hz, 3H) 1.54-1.59 (m, 2H) 1.69 (s,3H) 1.76-1.85 (m, 3H) 2.10-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.69 (dt, J=4.0, 10.5 Hz, 1H)3.21 (dd, J=4.0, 16.0 Hz, 1H) 3.55 (q, J=7.0, 14.0 Hz, 1H) 4.05-4.12 (m,2H) 5.23 (s, 1H) 5.42 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H) 6.27 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.36 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₂₃H₃₂0₄ 372.2301, found 372.2299.

Example 4 Synthesis of Compounds 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, and 1.21

Synthesis of cyclobutyl at 1′ position with ester at 2′ in side chain isdepicted in scheme 4. Synthesis is accomplished by first formingcyclobutyl ring at 1′ position of commercially available3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile using 1,3-dibromopropane and potassiumhexamethyl disilylamide as a base. The nitrile group of the resultinganalog was hydrolyzed under basic conditions to generate carboxylic acidintermediate, which was demethylated using borontribromide at −78° C.The resulting resorcinol analog was coupled with paramenthadienol understandard acidic conditions to generate tricyclic carboxylic acid (1.19)with cyclobutyl ring at 1′ position as a common intermediate which canbe transformed to desired bromo analog (1.18) using 1,4 dibromobutaneand sodium bicarbonate under microwave conditions. The resulting bromoanalog was transformed to cyano analog (1.19) using sodium cyanide inDMSO over night, was transformed to azide (1.21) analog usingtetrabutylamino azide and was transformed to unsubstituted alkyl chain(1.20) using bromobutane as shown in the experimental scheme 4.

Procedure

1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutanecarbonitrile (17): To the stirringsolution of commercially available 3,5-di methoxyphenylacetonitrile(28.21 mmoles) in dry THF (90 ml) at −16° C. was added potassiumhexamethyl disilylamide (84.64 mmoles) and the reaction mixture wasstirred at same temperature for 5 min. To the resulting mixture wasadded dibromopropane (31.03 mmoles) at same temperature and the reactionmixture was stirred for 2 h. Reaction mixture was quenched withsaturated ammonium chloride and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was separated and aqueous layer extracted three times with ethylacetate. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilicagel eluting with 12% acetone:hexane to get pure product 4 (1.8 g,30% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 2.0-2.09 (m,1H)2.32-2.44 (m, 1H) 2.55-2.64 (m, 2H) 2.72-2.79 (m, 2H) 3.78 (s, 6H) 6.38(t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.53 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic acid (18)

Sodium hydroxide (8.72 mmoles) was added to the stirring mixture of 4(3.49 mmoles), n-butanol (388.92 mg, 5.24 mmoles) and water (156.96 mg,8.72 mmoles) and the resulting mixture was refluxed at 100° C. for 4 h.The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and excess ofn-butanol was removed under reduced pressure and the remaining crude wasacidified using 1N HCl and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate 3 times.The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water, saturatedbrine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated undervacuum to get crude product which is the chromatographed on silicageleluting with 35% acetone:hexane to get ure product 5 (88% yield). ¹H NMR(500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.80-1.95 (m, 1H) 2.05-2.15 (m, 1H) 2.54(q, J=9.0, 20.5 Hz, 2H) 2.80-2.90 (m, 2H) 3.82 (s, 6H) 6.40 (t, J=2.5Hz, 1H) 6.5 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 2H) 12.16 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₁₃H₁₇0₄237.1127, found 237.1121

1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic acid (19)

Boron tribromide (11.85 mmoles, 1.0 M solution in DCM) was added to thesolution of 71 (2.96 mmoles) in dry DCM (1 ml) under argon at −78° C.The resulting mixture was brought to room temperature after stirring atsame temperature for 1 h and stirred for additional 3 h. The reactionmixture was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution anddiluted with DCM, the organic layer separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with DCM three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with water, saturated brine solution and dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 45%acetone:hexane to get pure product 6 (95% yield).¹H NMR (500 MHz,Methanol-d) δ ppm 1.8-1.9 (m, 1H) 1.92-2.06 (m, 1H) 2.39-2.49 (m, 2H)2.70-2.77 (m, 2H) 6.15 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.28 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H); HRMScalcd for C₁₁H₁₃0₄ 209.0814, found 209.0806.

1-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)cyclobutanecarboxylicacid (1.17)

p-toulenesulfonic acid (0.62 mmoles) was added to the stirring solutionof 6 (3.12 mmoles) and paramentha dienol (3.43 mmoles) in chloroform (15ml) and the resulting mixture was refluxed at 65° C. for 5 h. Thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water anddiluted with chloroform. The organic layer separated and aqueous layerextracted with chloroform three times. The combine dorganic layers werecollected, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silicagel eluting with 25% acetone; hexane to getpure product 1.19 (47% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.11(s, 3H) 1.39 (s, 3H) 1.7 (S, 3H) 1.76-1.88 (m, 4H) 1.92-2.25 (m, 1H)2.16 (dd, J=4.5, 12.5 Hz, 1H) 2.36-2.49 (m, 2H) 2.68-2.78 (m, 3H) 3.21(dd, J=4.5, 16.0 Hz, 1H) 5.43 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H) 6.23 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H)6.42 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₁H₂₇0₄ 343.1909, found343.1897.

4-bromobutyl1-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)cyclobutanecarboxylate(1.18)

Dibromobutane (0.63 mmoles) was added to a mixture of 1.19 (0.42 mmoles)and sodium bicarbonate (0.46 mmoles) in DMF (1.5 ml) in microwavevessel. The resulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min inmicrowave, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature anddiluted with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separatedand aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. Thecombined organic layers were collected, washed with saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum toget crude product which was then chromatigraphed on silicagel elutingwith 12% acetone:hexane mixture to get pure product 1.20 (23% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.69 (s, 3H)1.71-1.97 (m, 9H) 2.14 (dd, J=4.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H) 2.45 (p, J=10.0, 19.5Hz, 2H) 2.66-2.77 (m, 3H) 324 (dd, J=4.0, 15.5 Hz, 1H) 3.31 (t, J=6.5Hz, 2H) 4.10 (dt, J=1.5, 6.0 Hz, 2H) 5.42 (d, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 5.85 (s, 1H)6.24 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.39 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₅H₃₄0₄Br477.1640, found 477.1636.

4-cyanobutyl1-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)cyclobutanecarboxylate (1.19)

To the stirring solution of 1.20 (0.36 mmol) in dry DMSO (10 ml) wasadded sodium cyanide (2.93 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated at40° C. for 12 h, brought to room temperature, quenched with water anddiluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ml) 3 times. The combined organicextracts were collected, washed with saturated brine solution, driedover magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give crudeproduct which was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 16%acetone/hexane to give 1.21 (62% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d)δ ppm 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.54-1.63 (m, 2H) 1.69 (s, 3H) 1.70-1.99(m, 8H) 2.11-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.26 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H) 2.41-2.50 (m, 2H)2.67-2.79 (m, 3H) 3.26 (dd, J=5.0, 16.5 Hz, 1H) 4.11 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H)5.42 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 5.94 (s, 1H) 6.26 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.37 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₆H₃₄NO₄ 424.2488, found 424.2491.

4-azidobutyl1-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)cyclobutanecarboxylate (1.21)

To the stirring solution of 1.20 (0.13 mmoles) in dry DCM (10 ml) underargon was added tetrabutyl ammonium azide (1.36 mmoles) and theresulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 48 h. The reaction mixturewas quenched with water, diluted with ethyl acetate, the organic layerwas separated and aqueous layer extracted with DCM three times. Thecombined organic layers were collected, washed with saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum toget crude product which is then chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 18% acetone:hexane to get pure product 1.23 (81% yield). ¹H NMR(500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.49 -1.56 (m,2H) 1.63-1.69 (m, 3H) 1.7 (s, 3H) 1.77-1.98 (m, 4H) 2.12-2.19 (m,1H)2.45 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 2H) 2.65-2.78 (m, 3H) 3.21 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 4.09(td, J=1.5, 6.5 Hz, 2H) 5.35 (br,s, 1H) 5.43 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 6.21 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.39 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₅H₃₄N₃O₄440.2549, found 440.2536.

butyl1-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)cyclobutane carboxylate (1.20)

Bromobutane (0.65 mmoles) was added to a mixture of 1.19 (0.26 mmoles)and sodium bicarbonate (0.47 mmoles) in DMF (1.5 ml) in microwavevessel. The resulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min inmicrowave, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature anddiluted with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separatedand aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. Thecombined organic layers were collected, washed with saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum toget crude product which was then chromatigraphed on silicagel elutingwith 15% acetone:hexane mixture to get pure product 1.22 (67% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.85 (t, 5=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.09 (s, 3H)1.26 (m, 2H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.54 (m, 2H) 1.69 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.99 (m,5H)2.15 (dd, J=4.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H) 2.45 (p, J=9.5, 19.0 Hz, 2H) 2.65-2.79 (m,3H) 3.21 (dd, J=4.0, 16.5 Hz, 1H) 4.03-4.10 (m, 2H) 5.42 (d, J=4.5 Hz,1H) 6.01 (S,1H) 6.26 (d, 5=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.39 (d, 5=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMScalcd for C₂₅H₃₅0₄ 399.2535, found 399.2536.

Example 5 Synthesis of Compounds 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, and 1.29

Synthesis of novel analogs without geminal dimethyl group at 1′ positionand ester group at 2′ position is depicted in scheme 5. CommonIntermediate 1.26 is synthesized by first hydrolyzing the nitrile groupof commercially available 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl acetonitril to carboxylicacid intermediate 20. The intermediate 21 is obtained by demethylationof 20, followed by coupling with paramenthadienol to get desired commonintermediate 1.26, which is coupled with respective side chains understandard microwave conditions as shown in scheme 5.

Procedure

2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetic acid (20)

Sodium hydroxide (81.17 mmol) was added to a mixture of3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid (28.01 mmol), n-butanol (48.70 mmol) andwater (81.17 mmol). The resulting mixture was refluxed for 4 h at 125°C. The reaction mixture was quenched with 1N HCl and diluted with ethylacetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted withethyl acetate (20 ml) three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with water, saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 35% ethylacetate/hexane to get 20 (88% Yield) as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 3.57 (s, 2H) 3.77 (s, 6H) 6.38 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H)6.43 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H).

2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (21)

To the stirring solution of 20 (1.78 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (15ml) under argon at −78° C. was added boron tri bromide (6.24 mmol, 1Msolution in DCM). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperatureafter stirring at same temperature for 1 h and stirred for additional 2h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonateand diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml) three times. The combinedorganic layers were collected washed with water, saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum to getcrude product which was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with50% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 8 (88% Yield). ¹H NMR (500MHz,Methanol-d) δ ppm 3.4 (s, 2H) 6.18 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.21 (d, J=2.0Hz, 2H).

2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)aceticacid (1.26)

pTSA (1.18 mmol) was added to a solution of 20 (5.94 mmol), andparamenthadienol (6.54 mmol) in chloroform. The resulting mixture wasrefluxed at 65° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with waterand diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and theaqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ml) three times. Thecombined organic layers were collected, washed with saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum to getcrude product which was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with43% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 1.26 (40% yield) as a light yellowishoil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.06 (s, 3H) 1.36 (s, 3H) 1.67(s, 3H) 1.73-1.85 (m, 3H) 2.08-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.64-2.23 (m, 1H) 3.19 (dd,J=4.5, 16 Hz, 1H) 3.44 (s, 2H) 5.41 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H) 6.18 (d, J=1.5 Hz,1H) 6.33 (d, J=1.5Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₁₈H₂₂O₄ 302.1518, found302.1522.

Butyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c] chromen-3-yl)acetate (1.29)

To the stirring solution of 1.28 (0.99 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate(1.48 mmol) in dimethylformamide (1.5 ml) was added 1-bromobutane (1.48mmoles). The resulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min inmicrowave. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and diluted withethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extractedwith ethyl acetate (3 ml) three times. The combined organic layers werecollected washed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which wasthen chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 12% ethyl acetate/hexaneto give 1.29 as light yellowish oil (52% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.91 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.08 (s, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H)1.30-1.36 (m, 2H) 1.57-1.65 (m, 2H) 1.70 (s, 3H) 1.76-1.87 (m, 3H)2.10-2.20 (m, 1H) 2.70 (td, J=11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.20 (dd, J=16.0, 4.5Hz, 1H) 3.46 (s, 2H) 4.09 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H) 5.4 (s, 1H) 5.42 (d, J=5.0Hz, 1H) 6.25 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.32 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₂H₃₀O₄358.2144, found 358.2143.

4-bromobutyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)acetate(1.27)

To the stirring solution of 1.28 (0.578 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate(0.868 mmol) in dimethylformamide (1.5 ml) was added 1,4-dibromobutane(1.44 moles). The resulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min inmicrowave. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and diluted withethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extractedwith ethyl acetate (2 ml) three times. The combined organic layers werecollected washed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which wasthen chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 13% ethyl acetate/hexaneto give 1.27 (59% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s,3H) 1.36 (s, 3H) 1.70 (s, 3H) 1.74-1.86 (m, 4H) 1.86-1.96 (m, 3H)2.09-2.22 (m, 1H) 2.70 (dt, J=11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.18 (dd, J=4.5, 15 Hz,1H) 3.40 (t, J=6.5Hz, 2H) 3.46 (s, 2H) 4.14 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H) 5.24 (s,1H) 5.43 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H) 6.25 (s, 1H) 6.33 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd forC₂₂H₂₉O₄Br 436.1249, found 436.1252.

4-cyanobutyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)acetate(1.28)

To the stirring solution of 1.29 (0.178 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (5ml) was added sodium cyanide (1.78 mmol). The resulting solution wasstirred overnight at 50° C. and quenched with water. The organic layerseparated and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layers separated and the aqueous layer extracted with ethylacetate (2 ml) three times. The combined organic layers were collectedwashed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate,concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which was thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 15% ethyl acetate/hexane togive 1.28 (46 mg, 68% yield) as a light yellowish less gum. ¹H NMR (500MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.64-1.87 (m, 10H)2.09-2.20 (m, 1H) 2.36 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H) 2.70 (dt, J=11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H)3.22 (dd, J=16.0, 4.5Hz, 1H) 3.47 (s, 2H) 4.14 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H) 5.42(d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 5.72 (s, 1H) 6.27 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.31 (d, J=2.0 Hz,1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₃H₂₉NO₄ 383.2096, found 383.2091.

Example 6 Synthesis of Compounds 1.22 and 1.23

The synthesis of β-lactone at 1′ position is depicted in scheme 6.

Procedure

1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)heptan-1-one (22):

To the stirring solution of commercially available 3,5-dimethoxybenzonitrile (30.64 mmoles) in dry THF (50 ml) was added hexyl magnesiumbromide (49.02 mmoles, 2M solution in ether) followed by copper bromide(3.06 mmoles) and the resulting solution was refluxed at 65° C. for 2 h.The reaction mixture was quenched with 1N HCl and diluted with ethylacetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer was extractedwith ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with water, saturated brine solution and dried overmagnesium sulfate to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilicagel eluting with 12% acetone/hexane to get pure product 22 (92%yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.88 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H)1.28-1.38 (m, 6H) 1.69 (p, J=7.5, 15.0 Hz, 2H) 2.88 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H)3.79 (s, 6H) 6.60 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H).

2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-hexyl-1,3-dithiolane (23):

To the stirring solution of 22 (9.98 mmoles) and ethane dithiol (24.96mmoles) in dry DCM (40 ml) at 0° C. was added drop wise borontrifluoride diethyl etherate (1.99 mmoles) and the reaction mixture wasstirred at same temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was quenchedwith saturated sodium bicarbonate and diluted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with DCM threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product (96% Yield) which was sufficientlypure to be used for next reaction. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm0.83 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.6-1.9 (m, 6H) 2.31 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H) 2.75 (dd,J=3.0, 4.5 Hz, 2H) 3.19 -3.27 (m, 2H) 3.32-3.4 (m, 2H) 3.80 (s, 6H) 6.33(t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.87 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

5-(2-hexyl-1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diol (24):

Boron tribromidc (27.95 mmoles, neat solution) was added to the solutionof 23 (9.98 mmoles) in dry DCM (80 ml) under argon at −78° C. Theresulting mixture was brought to room temperature after stirring at sametemperature for 1 h and stirred for additional 7 h. The reaction mixturewas quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and diluted withDCM, the organic layer separated and aqueous layer was extracted withDCM three times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withwater, saturated brine solution and dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product 24 (95%) which wassufficiently pure and used as such for next reaction.

(6aR,10aR)-3-(2-hexyl-1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol(25):

p-toulenesulfonic acid (0.80 mmoles) was added to the stirring solutionof 24 (4.02 mmoles) and paramentha dienol (4.42 mmoles) in chloroform(40 ml) and the resulting mixture was refluxed at 65° C. for 5 h. Thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water anddiluted with chloroform. The organic layer separated and aqueous layerextracted with chloroform three times. The combine dorganic layers werecollected, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product 25 which was sufficientlypure to be used for next reaction.

1-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)heptan-1-one(26)

Silver nitrate (8.32 mmoles) was added to the stirring solution of 25(2.77 mmoles) in 9:1 mixture of ethanol:water (50 ml) at roomtemperature and the resulting mixture was stirred at same temperaturefor 3 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and filteratediluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, saturated brine solution,dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which is then chromatographed on silicagel eluting with 15%acetone:hexane to get pure product 26 (80% yield). (Note: The reactionmixture could no go completition, so NMR still has some amount ofstarting material).

1-((6aR,10aR)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)heptan-1-one(27)

Imidazole (23.84 mmoles) was added to the stirring solution of 26 (2.38mmoles) and TBDMSC1 (11.9 mmoles) in dry DMF (5 ml) at room temperatureand the resulting mixture was stirred at same temperature for 24 h. Thereaction mixture was quenched with water, diluted with ethyl acetate.The organic layer separated and aqueous layer was extracted with ethylacetate three times. The combined organic layers were collected, washedwith saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatigraphed on silicagel eluting with 5% acetone:hexane to get pureproduct 27 (93% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.18 (s,3H) 0.32 (s, 3H) 0.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.02 (s, 9H) 1.09 (s, 3H)1.30-1.38 (m, 4H) 1.40 (s, 3H) 1.68 -1.89 (m, 7H) 2.16-2.19 (m, 1H) 2.65(dt, J=4.0, 10.5 Hz, 1H) 2.87 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H) 3.27 (dd, J=4.5, 17.5Hz, 1H) 5.42 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H) 7.0 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 7.06 (d, J=1.5 Hz,1H).

Ethyl 3-((6aR,10aR)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-3-hydroxynonanoate(28)

Zinc dust (0.95 mmoles) was added to the stirring solution of 27 (0.63mmoles) and ethyl bromoacetoactetate (0.95 mmoles) in dry THF underargon. The resulting mixture was refluxed at 60° C. for 4 h (TLC showncompletion of reaction). The reaction mixture was quenched with 1N HCland diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated andaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combinedorganic layers were collected, washed with water, saturated brinesilution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum toget crude product which is the chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 7% acetone:hexane to give pure product 28 (55% yield). (Note: Thereaction mixture had some inseparable impurities, so the product wascarried for further reaction without purification).

3-hydroxy-3-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)nonanoicacid (1.22)

The mixture of sodium hydroxide (1.14 mmoles) and 28 (0.28 mmoles) in50:50 mixture of THF:Water (10 ml) was refluxed at 80° C. for 16 h. Thereaction mixture was brought to room temperature and quenched with 1NHCl and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated andaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combinedorganic layers were collected, washed with water, saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum toget crude product which is then chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 28% acetone:hexane to get pure proudct 1.22 (75% yield) asyellowish gum.

4-hexyl-4-((6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)oxetan-2-one(1.23)

1,1,1-trifluoro-N-phenyl-N-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide(0.24 mmoles) was added to the stirring solution of 1.22 (0.16 mmoles)amd triethylamine (0.33 moles) in dry DCM at 0° C. The reaction mixturewas brought to room temperature after stirring at same temperature for 1h and stirred over night. The reaction mixture was quenched withsaturated sodium bicarbonate and diluted with with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with ethylacetate three times. The combined organic layers were collected, washedwith water, saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromtographed on silicagel; eluting with 24% acetone:hexane to get pureproduct 1.23 (18% yield) as light yellowish gum.

Example 7 Synthesis of Compounds 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, and 1.33

Synthesis of thioioester, amide and reverse ester is depicted in schemes7 and 7a.

Procedure

2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoylchloride (29)

To the stirring solution of 1.2 (0.30 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20ml) was added intermittently 1.5 M stock solution of thionyl chloride(5.46 ml) in 50 ml solution of benzotriazole (8.93 g) in 50 mldichloromethane. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite afterstirring at room temperature for 20 min and diluted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with dilute 1N HCl,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to give 29 (86% Yield) as crude product which wassufficiently pure to be used for next reaction.

S-propyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanethioate (1.30)

Pyridine was added under argon to the stirring solution of 29 (0.20mmol) and propane thiol (0.24 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5 ml). Thereaction mixture is quenched with water after stirring the reactionmixture at room temperature for 3 h and diluted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetatethree times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withsaturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which was then chromatographed onsilica gel eluting with 16% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 1.30 (66%yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.93 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.10(s, 3H) 1.39 (s, 3H) 1.55 (s, 6H) 1.52-1.60 (m, 2H) 1.70 (s, 3H)1.76-1.91 (m, 3H) 2.11-2.18 (m, 1H) 2.71 (td, J=10.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 2.79(td, J=7.5, 2.5 Hz, 2H) 3.16-3.26 (m, 1H) 5.03 (s, 1H) 5.43 (d, J=4.5Hz, 1H) 6.25 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.46 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd forC₂₃H₃₂O₃S 388.2072, found 388.2075.

2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methyl-N-pentylpropanamide(1.31)

Deoxyfluor (0.72 mmol) was added under argon at 0° C. to a solution of1.1 (0.60 mmol), triethylamine (0.90 mmol) and amylamine (0.90 mmol) indry dichloromethane (6 ml). The reaction mixture was brought to roomtemperature after stirring at same temperature for 15 min and stirredfor additional 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturatedsodium bicarbonate and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ml) threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which was then chromatographed onsilica gel eluting with 12% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 1.31 (75%Yield)as light yellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.81(t,J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.08-1.14 (m, 2H) 1.13 (s, 3H) 1.84 (t, J 7.5 Hz, 2H) 1.35(t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.40 (s, 3H) 1.49 (s, 6H) 1.70(s, 3H) 1.81 (t, J=14.0Hz, 2H) 2.14 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H) 2.74 (dt, J=4.5, 10.5Hz, 1H) 3.13 (q,J=7.0, 13.0 Hz, 2H) 3.4 (dd, J=3.5, 16.5 Hz, 1H) 5.40 (s, 1H) 5.42(d,J=5.5 Hz, 1H) 6.25 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.41 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 8.53 (s,1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₅H₃₇NO₃ 399.2773, found 399.2777.

2-(3, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanal (30)

To the stirring solution of 1 (14.61 mmol) in dry DCM under argon at−78° C. was added drop wise diisobutylaluminium hydride (36.52 mmol).The reaction mixture was quenched with 10% solution of potassium sodiumtartarate after stirring for 1 h and diluted with dichloromethane. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer was extracted withdichloromethane. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withwater, saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to give crude product which waschromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanemixture to give 30 as colorless oil (94%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.44 (s, 6H) 3.80 (s, 6H) 6.40 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H)6.40-6.42 (m, 2H) 9.47 (s, 1H).

2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol (31)

To the stirring solution of 30 (8.40 mmol) in 40 ml methanol was addedin small portions sodium borohydride (37.81 mmol). The reaction mixturewas quenched with 1N HCl and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer separated and aqueous layer extracted twice with ethyl acetate (10ml) three times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withwater, saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to give crude product which waschromatographed on silica gel elution with ethyl acetate/hexane (20:80)gave 31 (94%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H) 3.58(s, 2H) 3.79 (s, 6H) 6.34 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.53 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H).

5-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl) benzene-1, 3-diol (32)

To the stirring solution of 31 (1.9 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (25 ml)under argon at −78° C. was added borontribromide (1M solution in DCM,6.65 mmol). The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature afterstirring at same temperature for 15 min and stirred for additional 1 h,quenched with 1N HCl and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer was extracted 2-3 times with dichloromethane(10 ml). The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to give crude product which was chromatographed on silicagel eluting with 60% ethyl acetate:hexane to give 32 (165 mg, 48%).¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.28 (s, 6H) 3.56 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H)4.84 (s, 2H) 6.22 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.43 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H).

(6aR,10 aR)-3-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)-6, 6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol (1.32)

pTSA (0.27 mmol) was added to a solution of 32 (0.9 mmol) and paramenthadienol (1.08 mmol) in chloroform (3 ml). The resulting mixture washeated at 150° C. for 10 min in microwave. The reaction mixture wasquenched with water and diluted with chloroform. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer extracted with chloroform (10 ml) 3 times.The combined organic layers were collected, washed with saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum togive crude product which is then chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 15% ethyl acetate/hexane mixture to give 1.32 (30%). ¹H NMR (500MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.24 (s, 6H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.7 (s,3H) 1.76-1.88 (m, 4H) 2.11-2.19 (m, 1H) 2.71 (dt, J=4.5, 10.5 Hz, 1H)3.19 (dd, J=3.5, 15.5 Hz, 1H) 3.54 (s, 2H) 5.43 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H) 6.28(d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.43 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropylpentanoate (1.33)

Triphenylphosphine (0.85 mmol) was added to the stirring solution of1.32 (0.56 mmol) and valeric acid (85 mmol). To the resulting mixturewas added drop wise at 0° C. diethylazodi-carboxylate (0.85 mmol). Thereaction mixture was quenched with 1N HCl after stirring at roomtemperature for 20 h and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml) threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which was chromatographed on silicagel, elution with ethyl acetate:hexane (25:75) gave 1.33 (41%).¹H NMR(500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.88 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.28 (dd, J=15.0,7.5 Hz, 2H) 1.34 (s, 6H) 1.55 (quin, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) 2.28 (t, J=7.5 Hz,2H) 3.80 (s, 6H) 4.12 (s, 2H) 6.32-6.36 (m, 1H) 6.53 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 2H);HRMS calcd for C₂₅H₃₆O₄ 400.2614, found 400.2611.

Example 8 Preparation of Compounds with Molecular Formula 1b

Synthesis of compounds 2.1, 2.1 and 2.3 is depicted in scheme 8

Procedure

2-((6aR,10aR)-9-formyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (33)

Selenium dioxide (0.9 mmol) was added to a solution of 1.1 (0.45 mmol)in acetic acid in microwave vessel and heated at 130° C. for 15 min inmicrowave. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and diluted withethyl acetate, the organic layer separated and aqueous layer extractedwith ethyl acetate (2 ml) three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which wasthen chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% ethyl acetate/hexaneto give 33 (11% Yield) as yellowish oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d)δ ppm 1.14 (s, 3H) 1.42 (s, 3H) 1.51 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 6H) 1.81-1.88 (m,3H)2.53-2.59 (m, 1H) 2.65 (dt, J=4.5, 11.0 Hz, 1H) 3.82-3.89 (m, 1H) 6.32(d, J=2.0 Hz 1H) 6.45 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.85-6.86(m,1H) 9.47 (s,1H).

2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoicacid (2.1)

To the stirring solution of 33 (0.21 mmol) in methanol was added insmall portions sodiumborohydride (0.97 mmol). The reaction mixture wasquenched with 1N HCl and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ml) threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which was then chromatographed onsilica gel eluting with 40% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 2.1 (42% Yield)as yellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.97 (s, 3H) 1.36(d, J=20.5 Hz, 6H) 1.5 (s, 3H) 1.75-1.83 (m, 3H) 2.16-2.22 (m, 1H)2.62-2.71 (m, 1H) 3.49-3.58 (m, 1H) 4.05 (dd, J=12.5, 31 Hz, 2H) 5.71(s, 1H) 6.34 (s, 1H) 6.44 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₀H₂₆O₅ 346.1780,found 346.1780.

Butyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(2.2)

Bromobutane (0.49 mmol) was added to a solution of 2.1 (0.14mmoles) andsodium bicarbonate (0.23 mmol) in dimethylformamide. The Resultingmixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min in microwave. The reactionmixture was quenched with water and diluted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetatethree times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withsaturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentratedunder vacuum to give crude product which was then chromatographed onsilica eluting with 25% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 2.2 (48% yield) aslight yellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.87 (t, J=7.5Hz, 3H) 1.11 (s, 3H) 1.24-1.32 (m, 3H) 1.40 (s, 3H) 1.51 (s, 6H)1.53-1.62 (m, 4H) 1.78-1.94 (m, 3H) 2.24 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H) 2.71 (td,J=11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H) 3.41 (dd, J=16.0, 4.0Hz, 1H) 4.02-4.09 (m, 4H) 5.43(s, 1H) 5.75 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H) 6.26 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.43 (d, J=2.0 Hz,1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₄H₃₄O₅ 402.2406, found 402.2407.

Butyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6H-4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-butyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (2.3)

1-Bromobutane-4-imidazole (1.05 mmol) was added to a solution of 2.1(0.60 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.90 mmol) in dimethylformamide. Theresulting mixture was heated at 165° C. degree for 12 min in microwaveand diluted with ethyl acetate after quenching with water. The organiclayer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with saturatedbrine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated under vacuumto give crude product which was then chromatographed on silica geleluting with 15 ethyl acetate/hexane to give 2.3 (20% Yield) andyellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.36(s, 3H) 1.47 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 6H) 1.52 (t, J=5.0, 2H) 1.6-1.87 (m, 5H)2.15-2.24 (m, 1H) 2.71 (dt, J=4.0, 11.5 Hz, 1H) 3.58 (d, J=17.0 Hz, 1H)3.74 (t, J=6.5Hz 2H) 3.92-4.09 (m, 4H) 5.67 (s, 1H) 6.31 (s, 1H) 6.36(s, 1H) 6.82 (s, 1H) 7.06 (s, 1H) 7.47 (s, 1H). HRMS calcd forC₂₇H₃₇N₂O₅ 469.2702, found 469.2707.

Example 9 Preparation of Compounds with Formula 1a

Synthesis of compounds 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 isdepicted in schemes 9, 9a and 9b

Procedure

Methyl2-(3,5-dihydroxy-4-((1R,2R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-4-ketobicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-yl)phenyl)acetate (34)

Para-toluenesulfonic acid (1.19 mmol) was added to a stirring solutionof methyl 2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) acetate (1.09 mmol) andnopinonediacetate mixture (1.92 mmol) in chloroform: acetone(9:1mixture). The resulting mixture was quenched with water afterstirring under dark for 5 days at room temperature and diluted withethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extractedwith ethyl acetate (10 ml) three times. The combined organic layers werecollected washed with saturated brine solution dried over magnesiumsulfate, concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which was thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 30% acetone/hexane to give 34(54% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ ppm 0.93 (s, 3H) 1.31 (s,3H) 2.03-2.08 (m, 1H) 2.37-2.48 (m, 2H) 2.55(t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H) 2.62 (d,J=10.5 Hz, 1H) 3.45 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H) 3.56 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H) 3.57 (m,1H) 3.69 (s, 3H) 6.19 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.26 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.94 (br,s, 1H).

Methyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)acetate(35)

TMSOTf (0.89 mmol) was added at 0° C. to a stirring solution of 34 (2.98mmol) in 3:1 mixture of DCM: Nitromethane. The reaction mixture wasbrought to room temperature after stirring at 0° C. for 1 h and stirredfor additional 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetateafter quenching with sodium bicarbonate, organic layer separated andaqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combinedorganic layers were collected, washed with water, saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum toget crude product which was then chromatographed on silica gel elutingwith 18% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 35 (45% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.08 (s, 3H) 1.45 (s, 3H) 1.47-1.53 (m, 1H) 2.0 (dt,J=3.0, 12.5 Hz, 1H) 2.12-2.29 (m, 2H) 2.18-2.29 (m, 1H) 2.38-2.48 (m,1H) 2.56-2.64 (m, 1H) 2.84 (dt, J=3.5, 11.0, 1H) 2.94-3.20 (m, 1H) 3.61(q, J=16.5 Hz, 2H) 3.70 (s, 1H) 5.34 (br, s, 1H) 6.24 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1H)6.32 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H).

2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)acetic acid (3.1)

Sodium hydroxide (0.77 mmol) was added to a solution of 35 (0.19 mmol)in 1:1 mixture of THF: water. The reaction mixture was quenched withdiluted 1N HCl after stirring at room temperature for 3 h and dilutedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layerextracted with ethyl acetate (3 ml) three times. The combined organiclayers were collected washed with water, saturated brine solution, driedover magnesium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 78%acetone/hexane to give 3.1 (79% Yield) as light yellowish gum. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ ppm 0.97 (s, 3H) 1.33 (s, 3H) 1.37-1.47 (m, 1H)1.89 (dt, J=3.0, 13.0 Hz, 1H) 2.02-2.22 (m, 2H) 2.38-2.44 (m, 2H)2.77-2.94 (m, 2H) 3.41-3.53 (m, 2H) 6.049 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H) 6.20 (d,J=2.50 Hz, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₁₇H₂₀0₅ 304.1311, found 304.1309.

Butyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)acetate(3.2)

To the stirring solution of 3.1 (0.27 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.41mmol) in dimethylformamide (1.5 ml) was added 1-bromobutane (0.67 mmol)in microwave vessel. The resulting mixture is heated at 165° C. for 12min in microwave. The reaction mixture was quenched with water anddiluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organiclayers are collected, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfateand concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which was thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 47% ethyl acetate/hexane togive 3.2 (54% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.91 (t,J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.08 (s, 3H) 1.31-1.39 (m, 2H) 1.45 (s, 3H) 1.50 (dd,J=5.5, 12.5 Hz, 1H) 1.57-1.64 (m, 2H) 2.0 (dt. J=2.5, 12.5 Hz, 1H)2.10-2.29 (m, 2H) 2.38-2.47 (m, 1H) 2.59 (dd, J=5.5, 16.0 Hz, 1H) 2.85(dt, J=3.0, 13.5 Hz, 1H) 3.00 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H) 3.60 (q, J=15.5, 34.0Hz, 2H) 4.06-4.17 (m, 2H) 5.58 (s, 1H) 6.23 (d, J=2.50 Hz, 1H) 6.34 (d,J=2.50 Hz, 1H. HRMS calcd for C₂₁H₂₈0₅ 360.1937, found 360.1934.

Methyl 2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanoate (36)

To the stirring solution of 3 (2.54 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (3.82mmol) in dimethylformamide (1.5 ml) was added iodomethane (6.35 mmol) inmicrowave vessel. The resulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 minin microwave. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and dilutedwith ethyl acetate, the organic phase separated and aqueous layerextracted with ethyl acetate (5 ml) three times. The combined organiclayers were collected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 34% ethylacetate/hexane to give 36 (66% yield) as white amorphous solid. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, Chloroform-d) 67 ppm 1.47 (s, 6H) 3.61 (s, 3H) 6.25 (t, J=2.5Hz, 1H) 6.41 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H) 6.90 (s, 2H).

Methyl2-(3,5-dihydroxy-4-((1R,2R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-4-ketobicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methylpropanoate(37)

p-toluenesulfonic acid (1.82 mmol) was added to a stirring solution of36 (1.66 mmol) and nopinone diacetate mixture (2.91 mmol) in chloroform.The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature under dark for 5days. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and diluted withethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extractedwith ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which wasthen chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 18% ethyl acetate/hexaneto give 37 (52% yield) as white amorphous powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Methanol-d₄) δ ppm 0.97 (s, 3H) 1.37 (s, 3H) 1.49 (s, 6H) 2.19 (t,J=5.50 Hz, 1H) 2.39-2.53 (m, 3H) 2.58-2.64 (m, 1H) 3.65 (s, 3H) 3.72(dd, J=18.50, 7.0 Hz, 1H) 4.02 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) 6.31 (s, 2H).

Methyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(38)

TMSOTf (0.3 M solution in nitromethane, 0.19 mmol) was added at 0° C. toa stirring solution of 37 (0.63 mmol) in 3:1 mixture of DCM:Nitromethane (12 ml). The reaction mixture was brought to roomtemperature after stirring at 0° C. for 1 h and stirred for additional 3h. (Note: the reaction doesn't go completion under these conditions).The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate after quenching withsodium bicarbonate, organic layer separated and aqueous layer extractedwith ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with water, saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 12% ethylacetate/hexane to give mixture of 37 and 38 (120mg, 54% Yield) which isused as such for next reaction. HRMS calcd for C₂₀H₂₇0₅ 347.1858, found347.1857

2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (3.3)

Sodium hydroxide (0.69 mmol) was added to a solution of 38 (0.34 mmol)in 1:1 mixture of THF:water. The reaction mixture was quenched withdiluted 1N HCl after stirring for 8 h and diluted with ethyl acetate.The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethylacetate (3 ml) three times. The combined organic layers were collectedwashed with water, saturated brine solution, dried over magnesiumsulfate, concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which was thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 48% acetone/hexane to give3.3 (43% Yield) as light yellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δppm 1.10 (s, 3H) 1.46 (s, 3H) 1.48 (s, 6H) 1.98 (dt, J=12.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H)2.06-2.22 (m, 3H) 2.48-2.54 (m, 2H) 2.79-2.87 (m, 1H) 3.87 (dd, J=15.0,3.50 Hz, 1H) 6.32 (d, J=2.0, 1H) 6.37 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd forC₁₉H₂₅0₅ 333.1702, found 333.1700.

Butyl-2-((6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(3.4)

To the stirring solution of 3.3 (0.15 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.22mmol) in dimethylformamide (1.5 ml) was added 1-bromobutane (0.40 mmol).The resulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min in microwave. Thereaction mixture was quenched with water and diluted with ethyl acetate.The organic phase separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethylacetate (3 ml) three times. The combined organic layers were collected,washed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which was thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% ethyl acetate/hexane togive 3.4 (68% Yield) as light yellowish gum.¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.86 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.11 (s, 3H) 1.20-1.34 (m,2H) 1.47 (s, 3H) 1.50 (s, 6H) 1.51-1.57 (m, 3H) 1.97 (dt, J=12.00, 3.0Hz, 1H) 2.08-2.21 (m, 2H) 2.42-2.52 (m, 1H) 2.59-2.68 (m, 1H) 2.89 (dt,J=3.5, 13.0 Hz, 1H) 4.06 (dt, J=2.0, 6.5 Hz, 3H) 6.38 (q, J=1.5, 16 Hz,2H) 6.36 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.39 (d, J=1.5Hz, 1H) 7.37 (s, 1H); HRMScalcd for C₂₃H₃₂O₅ 388.2250, found 388.2246.

2-((6aR,9R,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1,9-dihydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoicacid (3.5)

To the stirring solution of 3.3 (0.16 mmol) in methanol was added insmall portions sodiumborohydride (0.66 mmol). The reaction mixture wasquenched with 1N HCl after stirring at room temperature for 1 h anddiluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ml) three times. The combinedorganic layers were collected washed with water, saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum to getcrude product which was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with38% acetone/hexane to give 3.5 (81% yield).¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄)δ ppm 0.92-1.00 (m, 2H) 1.05 (s, 3H) 1.14-1.25 (m, 1H) 1.36 (s, 3H) 1.38-1.45 (m, 2H) 1.47 (s, 6H) 1.87-1.94 (m, 1H) 2.13 (dd, J=12.0, 2.0 Hz,1H) 2.46 (dt, J=11.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H) 3.50-3.58 (m, 1H) 3.70-3.79 (m, 1H)6.27 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.35 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₁₉H₂₆0₅334.1780, found 334.1777.

Butyl-2-((6aR,9R,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1,9-dihydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(3.6)

To the stirring solution of 3.4 (0.097 mmol) in 3 ml of methanol at −78°C. was added in small portions sodium borohydride (0.097 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 2 h and quenchedwith 2N HCl and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separatedand aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ml) three times. Thecombined organic layers were collected, washed with water, saturatedbrine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated undervacuum to get crude product which was then chromatographed on silica geleluting with 24% acetone/hexane to give 3.6 (84% yield) as lightyellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.85 (t, J=7.5 Hz,3H) 1.05 (s, 3H) 1.13-1.17 (m, 2H) 1.22-1.29 (m, 3H) 1.38 (s, 3H) 1.48(s, 6H) 1.50-1.56 (m, 2H) 1.63 (s,br, 1H) 1.71-1.91 (m, 2H) 2.16 (d,J=11.0 Hz, 1H) 2.47 (dt, J=2.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H) 3.48-3.54 (m, 1H)3.82-3.90(m, 1H) 4.04 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H) 6.08 (s, br, 1H) 6.22(d, J=2.0Hz, 1H) 6.38 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₃H₃₄O₅ 390.2406, found390.2408.

2-((6aR,9S,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1,9-dihydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (3.7)

K-Selectride (0.48 mmol) is added under argon to a solution of 3.3 (0.12mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was quenched with 1NHCl after stirring at room temperature for 2 h and diluted with ethylacetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted withethyl acetate (3 ml) three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with water, saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 38%acetone/hexane to give 3.7 (95% yield).¹H NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d₄) 8ppm 0.90-0.95 (m, 1H) 1.09 (s, 3H) 1.16-1.24 (m, 1H) 1.36 (s, 3H) 1.47(s, 6H) 1.50-1.59 (m, 1H) 1.60-1.70 (m, 2H) 1.91-1.96 (m, 1H) 2.94 (dt,J=11.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H) 3.36-3.44 (m, 1H) 4.13 (t, J=3.0Hz, 1H) 6.27 (d,J=2.0 Hz,1H) 6.34 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₁₉H₂₆0₅ 334.1780,found 334.1784.

Butyl-2-((6aR,9S,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1,9-dihydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(3.8)

To the stirring solution of 3.7 (0.10 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.16mmol) in dimethyl formamide was added 1-bromobutane (0.25 mmol). Theresulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min in microwave. Thereaction mixture was quenched with water and diluted with ethyl acetate.The organic phase separated and aqueous layer extracted with ethylacetate (2 ml) three times. The combined organic layers are collected,washed with saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which was thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 23% acetone/hexane to give3.8 (42% yield) as light yellowish gum. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δppm 0.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.07 (s, 3H) 1.25-1.31 (m, 4H) 1.39 (s, 3H)1.44 (s, 1H) 1.51 (d, 1.5, 6H) 1.52-1.58 (m, 3H) 1.62-1.71 (m, 2H) 1.96(d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H) 2.96 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H) 3.24 (dd, J=14.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H)4.07 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H) 4. HRMS calcd for C₂₃H₃₄0₅ 390.2406, found390.2408.

Example 10 Synthesis of Compound 3.9

Experimental scheme for the synthesis of compound 3.9 in shown in Scheme9c

Procedure

Butyl2-((6aR,10aS)-1-hydroxy-9-(methoxymethylene)-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (39)

To the stirring solution of methoxymethyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride(5.53 mmoles) and sodium tert pentoxide (5.53 mmoles) in dry benzene wasadded 3.4 (11 mmoles). The reaction mixture was quenched with saturatedammonium chloride after stirring at room temperature for 8 h and dilutedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layerswere collected, washed with water, saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich is the chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% acetonehexane to give pure product 39 (48% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.84 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.05 (s, 3H) 1.09 (dt, J=4.5,13.5 Hz, 1H) 1.25 (q, J=7.5, 15.0 Hz, 2H) 1.39 (s, 3H) 1.50 (s, 6H)1.50-1.68 (m, 5H) 1.78 (dt, 5=5.5, 14.0 Hz, 1H) 1.85 -1.92 (m, 1H) 2,41(dt, J=3.5, 11.0 Hz, 1H) 2.93 (dt, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 3.5 (DD, J=2.0 Hz, 13.5Hz, 1H) 3.56 (s, 3H) 4.05 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H) 5.91 (s, 1H) 6.22 (br,s,1H)6.28 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.39 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

Butyl 2 -((6aR,10aS)-9-formyl-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(40)

To the stirring solution of 39 (0.24 mmoles) in chloroform was added wettrichloroacetic acid (1.92 mmoles) and stirred for 3 h at roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated sodiumbicarbonate and diluted with DCM. The organic layer separated andaqueous layer was extracted with DCM three times. The combined organiclayers were collected, washed with water, saturated brine solution,dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20%acetone:hexae to give mixture of epimers 40 (93% yield) which wascarried forward for next reaction without separating epimers.

Butyl2-((6aR,9R,10aS)-9-formyl-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(41)

To the stirring solution of 40 (0.22 mmoles) in methanol was addedpotassium carbonate (1.56 mmoles) and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered, washed withwater, saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilicagel eluting with 15% acetone/hexane to get pure product 41 (78%yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.84 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.08(s, 3H) 1.20-1.28 (m, 4H) 1.39 (s, 3H) 1.48 (s, 6H) 1.49-1.57 (m, 6H)1.78 (br, s, 1H) 1.96-2.01 (m, 2H) 2.12 (br,d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H) 2.44-2.6(m, 2H) 3.54 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H) 4.05 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H) 6.28 (d, J=2.0Hz, 1H) 6.29 (br,s, 1H) 6.40 (d, J=2.0Hz, 1H) 9.65 (s, 1H).

Butyl2-((6aR,9R,10aS)-1-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (3.9)

Sodium borohydride (1.04 mmoles) was added in small portions to thestirring solution of 41 (0.17 mmoles) in methanol at room temperatureand the reaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was quenched with 1N HCl and diluted with ethylacetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer was extractedwith ethyl acetate 3 times. The combined organic layers were collected,washed with water, saturated brine solution, dried over magnesiumsulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thechromatographed on silica gel eluting with 15% acetone:hexane to getpure product 3.9 (72% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.72(q, J=12.0, 24.0 Hz, 1H) 0.84 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.0 (s, 3H) 1.05-1.15(m, 2H) 1.26 (p, J=7.5, 15.0 Hz, 2H) 1.35 (s, 3H) 1.47 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 6H)1.53 (p, J=6.5, 14.0 Hz, 12H) 1.77 (br, s, 1H) 1.89 (m, 2H) 2.44 (dt,J=2.5, 10.5 Hz, 1H) 2.73 (br, s, 1H) 3.32 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H) 3.49 (m,2H) 4.04 (r, J=6.5 Hz, 2H) 6.27 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.35 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H)7.24 (br, s, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₄H₃₆O₅ 404.2563, found 404.2559.

Example 11 Synthesis of Compounds 3.10 and 3.11 is Shown in Scheme 9d

Procedure

(1R,4R,5R)-4-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one (42)

p-toluene sulfonic acid (2.78 mmoles) was added to the stirring solutionof Dimethylheptyl resorcinol (2.53 mmoles) and nopinone diacetatemixture (3.04 mmoles) in chloroform. The resulting solution was stirredat room temperature under dark conditions and quenched with water afterstirring for 3 days and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layerseparated and aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with saturatedbrine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated undervacuum to get crude product which was then chromatographed on silica geleluting with 20% acetone:hexane to get pure product 42 (72% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.84 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 0.99 (s, 3H)1.00-1.10 (m, 2H) 1.16-1.27 (m,12H) 1.36 (s, 3H) 1.46-1.51 (m, 2H) 2.31(t, J=5.5, 1H) 2.43-2.56 (m, 2H) 2.57-2.68 (m, 2H) 3.52 (q, J=7.5, 19.0Hz, 1H) 3.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H) 5.12 (s, 2H) 6.28 9s, 2H).

(6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-7,8,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-9(6aH)-one(43)

TMSOTf (0.54 mmoles) was added to the stirring solution of 42 (1.81mmoles) in 3:1 mixture of DCM: Nitromethane under argon at 0° C. and thereaction mixture was brought to room temperature after stirring at sametemperature for 1 h and stirred for additional 4 h. The reaction mixturewas quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate and diluted with DCM. Theorganic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted three times withDCM. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilica gel eluting with 15 5 acetone:hexane to get pure product 43 (73%Yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.83 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H)1.01-1.08 (m, 2H) 1.13 (s, 3H) 1.15-1.26 (m, 12 h) 1.44-1.59 (m, 6H)1.98 (dt, J=2.5, 12.0 Hz, 1H) 2.11-2.25 (m, 2H) 2.45-2.58 (m, 1H)2.60-2.70 (m, 1H) 2.90 (dt, J=3.0, 12.5 Hz, 1H) 4.13-4.21 (m, 1H) 6.35(d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.38 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H) 7.64 (s, 1H).

(6aR,10aR)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-9-oxo-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ylacetate (44)

Acetic anhydride (0.26 mmoles) was added at 0° C. to the stirringsolution of 43 (0.13 mmoles) and pyridine (0.65 mmoles) in dry DCM. Tothe resulting solution was added dimethylaminopyridine (0.65 mmoles) andthe resulting solution stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reactionmixture was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate and diluted withDCM. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer extracted with DCMthree times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withwater, saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silica gel eluting with 9% acetone hexane to get pureproduct 44 (90% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.84 (t,J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.0-1.09 (m, 2H) 1.12 (s, 3H) 1.16-1.28 (m, 12 h)1.44-1.54 (m, 6H) 1.98 (dt, J=2.5, 12.0 Hz, 1H) 2.11-2.25 (m, 2H) 2.32(s, 3H) 2.37-2.76 (m, 3H) 3.24-3.31 (m, 1H) 6.52 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.70(d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

(5 aR,11bR)-6,6-dimethyl-9-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-3-oxo-3,4,5,5a,6,11b-hexahydro-1H-oxepino[4,3-c]chromen-11-yl acetate(45)

To the stirring solution of 44 (0.072 mmoles) in dry DCM was added asolution of metachloro peroxybenzoic acid (0.36 mmoles) in drydihloromethane at 0° C. dropwise. The reaction mixture was brought toroom temperature after stirring at 0° C. for 1 h and stirred foradditional 12 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated sodiumbicarbonate and diluted with DCM. The organic layer separated andaqueous layer was extracted with DC three times. The combined organiclayers were collected, washed with water, dried over magnesium sulfateand concentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thechromatographed on silicagel eluting with 10% acetone:hexane to get pureproduct 45 (95% yield). (Note: The product is mixture of inseparableisomers, so the reaction was carried forward to next reaction as such.)

2-((3R,4R)-5-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-7-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)chroman-4-yl)aceticacid (46)

3-((3R,4R)-5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-7-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)chroman-3-yl)propanoicacid (47)

Lithium hydroxide (0.55 mmole) was added to the stirring solution of 45(0.069 mmoles) in 50:50 mixture of THF:water at room temperature andstirred for 5 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 2N HCl anddiluted with ethyl acetate, The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organiclayers were collected washed with water, saturated brine solution, driedover magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which is chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 45 5 acetonehexane to get pure products 46 (50% yield) and 47 (35% yield). NMR ofintermediate 46 could not be isolated in very pure form, carried forcycization without purification. NMR of intermediate 47: ¹H NMR (500MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.83 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H) 1.0-1.10 (m, 2H)1.15-1.28 (m, 16H) 1.33 (s, 3H) 1.47-1.59 (m, 4H) 1.64-2.0 (m, 6H)2.4-2.58 (m, 2H) 2.80 (m, 1H) 3.82-3.93 (m, 2H) 6.35 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H)6.47 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H).

(5aR,11bR)-11-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-4,5,5a,6-tetrahydro-1H-oxepino[4,5-c] chromen-2(11bH)-one (3.11)

Methanesulfonic acid (0.08 mmoles) was added to the stirring solution of46 (0.029 mmoles) in toluene followed by dimethylamino pyridine (0.08mmoles) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched withsaturated sodium bicarbonate after stirring at room temperature for 1 hand diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organiclayer were collected, washed with water, saturated brine solution, driedover magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 23%acetone:hexane to get pure product 3.11 (75% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.84 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H) 1.0-1.10 (m, 2H) 1.16-1.28(m, 17H) 1.47 (s, 3H) 1.49-1.6 (m, 2 h) 1.72-1.79 (m, 1H) 2.29 (t,J=15.0 Hz, 1H) 2.81 (ddd,J=4, 11.5 Hz, 1H) 3.06 (dd, J=4.0, 15.5 Hz, 1H)3.66-3.79 (m, 2H) 6.58 (s, 1H) 6.59 (s,1H).

(5aR,11bR)-11-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-4,5,5a,6-tetrahydro-1H-oxepino[4,3-c]chromen-3(11bH)-one(3.10)

Methanesulfonic acid (0.08 mmoles) was added to the stirring solution of47 (0.029 mmoles) in toluene followed by dimethylamino pyridine (0.08mmoles) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched withsaturated sodium bicarbonate after stirring at room temperature for 1 hand diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueouslayer was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organiclayer were collected, washed with water, saturated brine solution, driedover magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crudeproduct which is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 26%acetone:hexane to get pure product 3.10 (78% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 0.86 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H) 1.03-1.10 (m, 5H) 1.18-1.30(m, 14H) 1.42 (s, 3H) 1.48-1.54 (m, 1 h) 1.95 (dt, J=3.0, 12.5 Hz, 1H)2.10-2.16 (m, 1H) 2.70-2.90 (m, 3H) 4.40 (q, J=7.5, 12.0 Hz, 1Hz) 4.94(br,s, 1H) 5.31 (dd, J=1.5, 12.0 Hz, 1H) 6.28 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) 6.41 9d,J=2.0 Hz, 1H)

Example 12 Preparation of Compounds with Molecular Formula IIc

Synthesis of compounds 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 are shownin scheme 10 and 10b.

Procedure

4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol (48)

To the stirring solution of 3,5-dimethoxy bromobenzoic acid (57.45mmoles) in dry THF under argon was added drop wise borane dimethylsulfide solution (114.91 mmoles, 2M solution in THF). The resultingsolution was heated at 40° C. for 12 h, quenched with 1N HCl and dilutedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layerswere collected, washed with water, saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum to get crude product whichis then chromatographed on silicagel eluting with 20% cthyacetate/hexane to get pure product 48 (98% Yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.88 (s, 1H) 3.90 (s, 6H) 4.67 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H)6.58 (s, 2H).

2-bromo-5-(chloromethyl)-1,3-dimethoxybenzene (49)

To the stirring solution of 48 (20.23 mmoles) in dry DCM was addedsolution of triphenyl phosphine (70.82 mmoles) in carbon tetrachlorideand the resulting mixture was refluxed at 76° C. for 8 h. The reactionmixture was concentrated under vacuum to get crude product 49 which wassufficiently pure and carried forward for next reaction withoutpurification.

2-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (50)

To the stirring solution of 49 (18.07 mmoles) in DMSO was added sodiumcyanide (180.77 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at 70° C. for12 h, quenched with water and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetatethree times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withsaturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilica gel eluting with 18% ethyl acetate/hexane to get 50 (74% yield).¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 3.73 (s, 2H) 3.91 (s, 6H) 6.52 (s,2H).

2-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile (51)

To the stirring suspension of sodium hydride (37.5 mmoles) in dry DMFunder argon at 0° C. was added drop wise a mixture 50 (12.5 mmol) andiodomethane (37.5 mmoles) in dry DMF (40 ml).

The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature after stirring at0° C. for 30 min and stirred for additional 2 h. The reaction mixturewas quenched with drop wise addition of saturated solution of ammoniumchloride and diluted with ether. The organic layer was separated andaqueous layer extracted with ether 3 times. The combined organic layerswere collected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 25% ethylacetate/hexane to yield compound 51 (74% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.74 (s, 6H) 3.93 (s, 6H) 6.66 (s, 2H).

2-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (52)

35% sodium hydroxide solution was added to the stirring solution of 51(3.5 mmoles) in ethanol: methanol (80:20) mixture and the resultingsolution was refluxed at 115° C. for 10 h. The reaction mixture wasacidified with 2N HCl and diluted with ether. The organic layer wasseparated and aqueous layer was extracted with ether three times. Thecombined organic layers were collected, washed with saturated brinesolution, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum to getcrude product which is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with50 ethyl acetate/hexane to get pure product 52 (78% yield). ¹H NMR (500MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.61 (s, 6H) 3.89 (s, 6H) 6.60 (s, 2H).

Ethyl 2-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanoate (53)

Ethyl iodide (21.04 mmoles) was added to a mixture of 52 (2.63 mmoles)and sodium bicarbonate (7.91 mmoles) in DMF in microwave vessel. Theresulting mixture was heated at 165° C. for 12 min in microwave, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with waterand ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate three times. The combined organic layerswere collected, washed with saturated brine solution, dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to get crude productwhich was then chromatigraphed on silicagel eluting with 8% ethylacetate: hexane mixture to get pure product 53 (83% yield). ¹H NMR (500MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.2 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.57 (s, 6H) 3.89 (s, 6H)4.14 (q, J=6.0, 12.5 Hz, 2H) 6.55 (s, 2H); HRMS calcd for C₁₄H₂₀O₄Br331.0545, found 331.0543.

Ethyl 2-(3′-cyano-2,6-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (4.1)

3-cyanophenyl boronic acid (1.81mmoles) was added to the stirringsolution of 53 (1.5 mmoles) in 4.0 ml of DME in microwave vessel and theresulting mixture was degassed for 10 min. Water (0.5 ml) was added tothe resulting mixture and the reaction mixture further degassed for 10min. To the resulting mixture was added barium hydroxide (2.25 mmoles)and palladium tetrakis (0.3 mmoles) and the reaction mixture degassedfor additional 10 min. The degassed reaction mixture was heated inmicrowave for 12 min at 160° C., quenched with water and diluted withether. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extractedwith ether three times. The combined organic layers were collected,washed with saturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum to get crude product which is thenchromatographed on silicagel eluting with 10% ethyl acetate/hexanemixture to get pure product 4.1 (47% yield).¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.25 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.62 (s, 6H) 3.74 (s, 6H)4.18 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H) 6.62 (s, 2H) 7.46 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) 7.57 (tt,J=1.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H) 7.65 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₂₁H₂₄NO₄354.1705, found 354.1717.

Ethyl 2-(3′-cyano-2,6-dihydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (4.2)

To the stirring solution of 4.1 (0.098 mmoles) in dry DCM at -78° C. wasadded 1M solution of boron tribromide (0.58 mmoles) and the resultingsolution was brought to room temperature after stirring at −78° C. for 1h and stirred for additional 8 h. The reaction mixture was quenched withsaturated sodium bicarbonate solution and diluted with DCM. The organiclayer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with DCM threetimes. The combined organic layers were collected, washed with water,saturated brine solution and dried over magnesium sulfate to get crudeproduct which is then chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 35%ethyl acetate/hexane to give 4.2 (31% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.23 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.78 (s, 6H) 4.15 (q, J=7.0,14.5 Hz, 2H) 6.11 (s, 2H) 6.54 (s, 2H) 7.56 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H) 7.65(m,1H) 7.72 (m,1H) 7.77 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₁₉H₂₀NO₄ 326.1392,found 326.1388.

Ethyl 2-(2,6-dimethoxy-3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(4.3): 3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid (1.5 mmoles) was added to thestirring solution of 53 (0.78 mmoles) in DME in microwave vessel and theresulting mixture was degassed for 10 min. Water was added to theresulting mixture and the reaction mixture further degassed for 10 min.To the resulting mixture was added barium hydroxide (1.24 mmoles) andpalladium tetrakis (0.15 mmoles) and the reaction mixture degassed foradditional 10 min. The degassed reaction mixture was heated in microwavefor 12 min at 165° C., quenched with water and diluted with ether. Theorganic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with etherthree times. The combined organic layers were collected, washed withsaturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilicagel eluting with 8% acetone/hexane mixture to get pure product 4.3(71% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.23 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H)1.61 (s, 6H) 2.32 (s, 6H) 3.71 (s, 6H) 4.17 (q, J=7.0, 14.5 Hz, 2H) 6.60(s, 2H) 6.93 (s, 3H); HRMS calcd for C₂₂H₂₉O₄ 357.2066, found 357.2065.

Ethyl 2-(2,6-dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(4.4): To the stirring solution of 4.3 (0.45 mmoles) in dry DCM at -78°C. was added 1M solution of boron tribromide (1.79 mmoles) and theresluting solution was stirred at same temperature for 2 h. The reactionmixture was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution anddiluted with DCM. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with DCM three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with water, saturated brine solution and dried overmagnesium sulfate to get crude product which is a mixture of 4.4 andEthyl 2-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (4.5). The crude mixture of 102 and 103was separated using column chromatography using 15 5 acetone/hexanemixture to get pure product 4.4 (51% yield) and 4.5 (28% yield).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm (4.4): 1.23 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H) 1.55(s, 6H) 2.36 (s, 6H) 4.16 (q, J=7.0, 14.5Hz, 2H) 4.98 (s, 2H) 6.56 (s,2H) 7.0 (s, 2H) 7.09 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₀H₂₅O₄ 329.1753, found329.1745.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm (4.5): 1.23 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.58(s, 6H) 2.35 (s, 6H) 3.72 (s, 3H) 4.17 (q, J=7.5, 14.5Hz, 2H) 5.08 (s,1H) 6.49 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.65 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.96 (s, 2H) 7.02 (s,1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₁H₂₇O₄ 343.1909, found 343.1898.

Ethyl 2-(3′,5′-dichloro-2,6-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(4.6): 3,5-dichlorophenylboronic acid (1.29 mmoles) was added to thestirring solution of 53 (0.64 mmoles) in DME in microwave vessel and theresulting mixture was degassed for 10 min. Water was added to theresulting mixture and the reaction mixture further degassed for 10 min.To the resulting mixture was added barium hydroxide (1.02 mmoles) andpalladium tetrakis (0.12 mmoles) and the reaction mixture degassed foradditional 10 min. The degassed reaction mixture was heated in microwavefor 12 min at 165° C., quenched with water and diluted with ether. Theorganic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with etherthree times. The combined organiclayers were collected, washed withsaturated brine solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum to get crude product which is then chromatographed onsilicagel eluting with 12% acetone/hexane mixture to get pure product4.6 (54% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.23 (t, J=7.0 Hz,3H) 1.61 (s, 6H) 3.73 (s, 6H) 4.16 (q, J=6.5, 14.0 Hz, 2H) 6.59 (s, 2H)7.22 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 7.27 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); HRMS calcd for C₂₀H₂₃O₄Cl₂ 397.0973, found 397.0961.

Ethyl 2-(3′,5′-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate(4.7): To the stirring solution of 4.6 (0.35 mmoles) in dry DCM at −78°C. was added 1M solution of boron tribromide (1.05 mmoles) and theresluting solution was stirred at same temperature for 4 h. The reactionmixture was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution anddiluted with DCM. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer wasextracted with DCM three times. The combined organic layers werecollected, washed with water, saturated brine solution and dried overmagnesium sulfate to get crude product which is a mixture of 4.7 andethyl 2-(3′,5′-dichloro-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methylpropanoate (4.8). The crude mixture of 105 and 106was separated using column chromatography using 16% acetone/hexanemixture to get pure product 4.7 (29% yield) and 4.8 (31% yield).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm (4.7): 1.22 (t, 5=6.5 Hz, 3H) 1.53(s, 6H) 1.57 (br,s, 2H) 4.13 (q, J=6.0, 14.0 Hz, 2H) 6.48 (s, 2H)7.32-7.38 (m, 3H) 7.36 (m, 1H). HRMS calcd for C₁₉H₂₁O₄Cl₂ 383.0817,found 383.0809.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm (4.8): 1.23 (t, 5=7.5 Hz, 3H) 1.57(s, 6H) 3.73 (s, 6H) 4.17 (q, J=7.0, 14.0 Hz, 2H) 6.50 (s, 1H) 6.61 (d,J=1.0 Hz, 1H) 7.26 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H) 7.36 (s, 1H); HRMS calcd forC₁₈H₁₉O₄Cl₂ 369.0660, found 369.0659.

Example 13 Biochemical Pharmacology

(a) Membrane Preparations from Tissue Culture Sources

HEK293 cells expressing hCB1 or hCB2 or mCB2 receptor are used formembrane preparations according to Abadji et al. The resulting pellet isresuspended in 10 mM Tris-chloride, pH 7.4, with 5 mM MgCl₂ and 2 mMEDTA (TME), rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. forno longer than two months. Protein content is assayed by using theBio-Rad protein assay according to the manufacturer's protocol.

(b) Membrane Preparations from Tissue Sources

Frozen rat brains (CB₁ source) are obtained from Pel-Freeze Biologicals(Rogers, AK) and stored at −80° C. until use. Membranes are preparedaccording to the method described by Dodd et al. and used in ourlaboratory as reported.

(c) rCB1, mCB2, and hCB2 Binding Assays

All the cannabinoids discussed in this invention are tested for theirability to bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors using membranes from rat brainor HEK293 cells expressing either mCB2 or hCB2, respectively viacompetition-equilibrium binding using [³H]CP-55,940. Results areanalyzed using nonlinear regression to determine ligand IC₅₀ (Prism byGraphPad Software, Inc.), and K_(i) values are calculated from the IC₅₀.IC₅₀ and K_(i) values are determined from at least three independentexperiments.

(d) Stability in Plasma and Buffer

The designed compounds carry a side chain that is susceptible to plasmaesterase activity, inviting their rapid deactivation. Thus, it isimportant to characterize the rate of compound metabolism in isolatedrat or monkey plasma. As a preliminary predictor of oral stability, thisassay will also be done in buffers at pH 2 (to emulate the stomach) andpH 7.4 (physiological pH). Compounds (10 mM in DMSO) are diluted inplasma, acetonitrile or buffer to a concentration of 200 μM andincubated in a 37° shaking water bath for 2 hours. Samples are takenperiodically, diluted 1:4 with acetonitrile and centrifuged toprecipitate protein. The resulting supernatant is analyzed by HPLC topredict expected in vivo plasma half-lives.

(e) Preliminary Distribution and the Blood Brain Barrier

Mice (CD-1, weighing 25-30 g) are dosed intravenously or by oral gavagewith 0.1-2 mg/kg of the compound dissolved in appropriate vehicle.Fifteen minutes post-injection or 30 and 60 minutes post-gavage, theanimals are sacrificed humanely by decapitation followed by bloodcollection (˜500 μL) and tissue dissection; samples are flash-frozenwith liquid nitrogen to prevent post-mortem degradation of the compoundsor endogenous ligands. Tissues(plasma or brain) are extracted followingpublished procedures (J. Biol. Chem. 1957, 226, (1), 497-509; hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety) and analyzed in SRM modeusing a Thermo-Finnigan Quantum Ultra triple quadruple mass spectrometerwith an Agilent 1100 HPLC front-end. Chromatographic separation isachieved using a Phenomenex Gemini column (2×50 mm, 5μ). Hardwareconsists of a Finnigan TSQ Quantum Ultra triple quad mass spectrometerwith both an APCT and EST source and an Agilent 1100 front end. The massspec is run in APCT mode with mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formicacid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (B) in the followinggradient: the first two minutes were held at 95% A before transitioningin a linear gradient to 5% A and held for seven minutes before returningto initial conditions. The run time is 15 minutes and the flow rate is0.3 mL/min. The mass spec is in SRM mode and internal standards are usedfor quantitation.

Example 14 Biological Profiles of Exemplary Compounds

TABLE 5 Compounds of Formula (I)a: (I)a

No.

rCB1 K_(i) (nM) mCB2 K_(i) (nM) hCB2 K_(i) (nM) tPSA cLogp t _(1/2)(min) 1.1

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 66.7 4.6 1.2

1.2 0.6 0.8 55.7 6.4 15 1.3

0.7 0.5 0.8 79.5 4.9 40 1.4

0.6 0.6 0.7 55.7 6.5 1.5

1.2 0.5 0.6 55.7 6.9 1.6

29.1 11.6 8.7 71.3 5.3 120 1.7

0.8 1.1 0.6 55.7 6.0 1.8

0.5 0.7 1.4 79.5 4.9 1.9

1.0 0.7 0.8 104.5 6.4 1.10

3.4 2.0 1.2 71.3 5.2 240 1.11

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 66.7 4.2 1.12

0.7 1.2 1.0 55.7 6.1 3 1.13

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 66.7 4.2 1.14

0.9 1.4 1.4 55.7 6.1 7 1.15

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 66.7 4.2 1.16

2.4 1.3 1.5 55.7 6.1 6 1.17

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 66.7 4.7 1.18

0.3 3.7 0.7 55.7 6.6 50 1.19

0.9 1.5 1.8 79.5 5.0 107 1.20

0.7 0.7 0.4 55.7 6.7 40 1.21

0.9 1.9 2.7 104.5 7.0 1.22

600 1000 1000 86.9 4.7 1.23

15.9 40.7 55.5 55.7 5.2 1.24

33.8 71.8 39.9 68.2 5.5 68 1.25

15.2 10.4 8.7 68.2 5.5 200 1.26

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 66.7 3.8 1.27

2.2 11.6 7.1 55.7 5.7 3 1.28

14.3 2.1 1.2 79.5 4.2 4.8 1.29

40.3 27.0 8.2 55.7 5.8 5 1.30

0.5 — 0.7 46.5 6.8 1.31

6.3 9.2 2.8 58.5 5.9 1.32

447 — — 49.6 4.6 1.33

0.5 — 1.0 55.7 7.1 1.34

83.1 34.5 36.8 55.7 5.0 60 1.35

2.7 0.5 1.5 55.7 5.5 1.36

2.9 3.2 7.7 55.7 5.7

TABLE 6 Compounds of Formula (I)b: (I)b

No.

rCB1 K_(i) (nM) mCB2 K_(i) (nM) hCB2 K_(i) (nM) tPSA cLogp t _(1/2)(min) 2.1

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 86.9 3.0 2.2

0.6 1.5 0.8 75.9 4.8 5 2.3

25.3 11.6 8.7 91.5 3.2 120 2.4

1 1 1 2.5

1 1 1 2.6

1 1 1 2.7

1 1 1

TABLE 7 Compounds of Formula (I)c: (I)c

No. X

rCB1 K_(i) (nM) mCB2 K_(i) (nM) hCB2 K_(i) (nM) tPSA cLogp t _(1/2)(min) 3.1 C(O)

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 83.8 1.9 3.2 C(O)

1,000 1,000 1,000 72.8 3.4 3.3 C(O)

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 83.2 3.2 3.4 C(O)

2.2 7.2 6.2 72.8 4.7 3.5

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 86.9 3.0 3.6

0.1 0.2 0.2 75.9 4.5 3 3.7

>10,000 >10,000 >10,000 86.9 3.0 3.8

3.1 6.6 4.5 75.9 4.5 8 3.9

2.4 4.3 6.5 75.9 4.9 3.10 —C(O)O—

55.7 5.8 15 3.11 —O(O)C—

99 802 55.7 5.8

TABLE 8 Compounds of Formula (II): (II)

rCB1 K_(i) mCB2 K_(i) hCB2 K_(i) No. R⁷ R⁸ R⁹ R¹⁰ (nM) (nM) (nM) 4.1OCH₃ OCH₃ H CN >1,000 >1,000 >1,000 4.2 OH OH H CN 3,664 — 94.8 4.3 OCH₃OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 1,000 1,000 1,000 4.4 OH OH CH₃ CH₃ 941 36 48.8 4.5 OCH₃ OHCH₃ CH₃ 1,000 108 375 4.6 OCH₃ OCH₃ Cl Cl 1,000 1,000 1,000 4.7 OCH₃ OHCl Cl 1,000 1,000 700 4.8 OH OH Cl Cl 191 10.3 20.9

Example 15 Hypothermia Test

The hypothermia test determines the ability of a test compound to act asa central CB1 agonist and decrease body temperature. A dose range from0.01 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg was examined subcutaneously (s.c.), initiallybased on in vitro CB receptor agonist potency, so as to facilitatecharacterization of potency in vivo and onset/offset of action. Rat coretemperature is monitored with a thermistor probe for up to 6 h.Compounds were initially dissolved in a solution of 20% EtOH, 20%Alkamuls, and 60% saline and further diluted with saline. Injectionswere administered s.c. in a volume of 0.5-2 mL/kg. Two temperaturevalues recorded prior to injection were averaged to obtain a singlebaseline temperature. Temperature recorded after injection was expressedas change from baseline. Group means and SEM were calculated, andtime-or dose-effect functions were analyzed using standard ANOVA orpaired t-test procedures with significance set as p<0.05. Whereverappropriate, ANOVA was followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test or byDunnet's multiple comparison t-test. In all cases, statisticalsignificance was set at p<0.05. FIG. 1A shows results for Compounds 2.2,3.6, and 3.9. FIG. 1B shows results for Compounds 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and1.33. FIG. 1C shows results for Compounds 1.14 and 1.16. FIG. 1D showsresults for Compounds 1.20, 1.28, and 1.35. FIG. 1E shows results forCompounds 1.1, 1.6, 1.10, and 1.25.

Example 16 Antinociception Tail Flick Test

Compounds with hypothermic activity were tested in the rat tail flicktest for antinociception. The tail flick test measures spinalnociception as sensitivity of the animal to increasing temperature andindicates the ability of a test compound to activate cannabinergicsignaling in vivo and thereby reduce nociceptive pain at thepharmacologically relevant doses. The animals were enclosed inpolypropylene chamber with an opening through which its tail is exposed.In the test, the distal third of the rat's tail was exposed to a heatsource and the time the animal takes to move its tail away from the heatsource was measured. The response is expressed as a percentage ofmaximum possible effect (% MPE). Dose-effect functions were constructedusing the maximum effect recorded in each rat at a given dose ofcompound. FIG. 2 shows rat tail flick test results for Compounds 2.2 and3.9.

Although the invention has been described and illustrated in theforegoing illustrative embodiments, it is understood that the presentdisclosure has been made only by way of example, and that numerouschanges in the details of implementation of the invention can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which islimited only by the claims that follow. Features of the disclosedembodiments can be combined and rearranged in various ways within thescope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art willrecognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routineexperimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodimentsdescribed specifically in this disclosure. Such equivalents are intendedto be encompassed in the scope of the following claims.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Thepatent and scientific literature referred to herein establishesknowledge that is available to those skilled in the art. The issuedpatents, applications, and other publications that are cited herein arehereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.In the case of inconsistencies, the present disclosure will prevail.

1-42. (canceled)
 43. A compound of Formula I(c):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is —C(O)—,—CH(OH)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—or —CH(CH₂OH); R¹ and R² are each methyl; R³is —C(O)OR⁴; R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-R⁵, —(C₁-C₄)-alkenyl-R⁵, or—(C₁-C₄)alkynyl-R⁵; and R⁵ is H.
 44. The compound of claim 43, whereinX, R¹, R² and R³ are as follows: X R¹ R² R³ C(O) CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl or

CH₃ CH₃ CO₂-n-butyl.


45. The compound of claim 43, represented by the following structuralformula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 46. The compound of claim43, represented by the following structural formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 47. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 43, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, and a physiologically acceptable carrier orexcipient.
 48. A method of modulating a cannabinoid receptor in asubject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I(c):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is —C(O)—,—CH(OH)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—or —CH(CH₂OH); R² and R² are each methyl; R³is —C(O)OR⁴; R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-R⁵, —(C₁-C₄)-alkenyl-R⁵, or—(C₁-C₄)alkynyl-R⁵; and R⁵ is H.
 49. A method of treating cannabinoiddependence, neuropathy, inflammation, glaucoma, a neurodegenerativedisorder, a motor function disorder, anxiety disorder, agastrointestinal disorder, hypothermia, emesis, loss of appetite, oranorexia associated with AIDS in a subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula I(c):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is —C(O)—,—CH(OH)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—or —CH(CH₂OH); R¹ and R² are each methyl; R³is —C(O)OR⁴; R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-R⁵, —(C₁-C₄)-alkenyl-R⁵, or—(C₁-C₄)alkynyl-R⁵; and R⁵ is H.
 50. The method of claim 49, whereinneuropathy comprises inflammation, pain, neuropathic pain, neuropathiclow back pain, complex regional pain syndrome, post trigeminalneuralgia, causalgia, toxic neuropathy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy,diabetic neuropathy, chronic neuropathy caused by chemotherapeuticagents, central pain, peripheral pain, pellagric neuropathy, alcoholicneuropathy, Beriberi neuropathy, or burning feet syndrome.
 51. Themethod of claim 49, wherein neuropathy comprises a neurodegenerativedisease.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the neurodegenerativedisease is multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea,Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, memory disorder,mood disorder, sleep disorder, gastrointestinal motility disorder,irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, cardiovascular disease,hypertension, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, emesis, epilepsy, a mentaldisorder, schizophrenia, depression, glaucoma, cachexia, insomnia,traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, seizures, excitotoxinexposure, ischemia, or AIDS wasting syndrome.
 53. The method of claim49, wherein the method is a method of treating hypothermia in a subjectin need thereof.
 54. The method of claim 49, wherein the method is amethod of treating cannabinoid dependence in a subject in need thereof.55. The method of claim 49, wherein the method is a method of treatinganxiety disorder in a subject in need thereof.
 56. The method of claim55, wherein the anxiety disorder is panic disorder, acute stressdisorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance-induced anxietydisorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia,or social phobia.
 57. The method of claim 49, wherein the method is amethod of treating a motor function disorder in a subject in needthereof.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the motor function disorderis Tourette's syndrome.
 59. The method of claim 50, wherein the methodis a method of treating neuropathic pain in a subject in need thereof.